Product Strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Product Strategy - Essay Example Consequently, by incorporating the consumers’ requirements in the designs, quality and composition of its products, an organization is in a position to win over customer loyalty and attract new and potential customers. The customer’s role in the research and development of new products is essential. The significance it plays, as far as profits and sales are concerned is extensive. Many entrepreneurs believe that inventions and innovations normally improve sales. This is opposed to reliance on customers’ needs, where one customer’s demand differs from another customer’s demand. They believe that what can break this barrier are innovations and inventions and that through innovation, a new product is introduced into the market and bridges the different consumer demands, making such opposing needs to converge (Wahab, 2013). Their paradigm is, however, inaccurate because marketing as a strategy concept involves, first knowing the target market, then the needs, wants and demands of the customers. Without knowing consumers’ demands then it is a waste of time selling because a business can be selling an irrelevant product that the target market does not need. Pursuant to that is understanding the products and services on offer since this is what will retain customers’ needs or demands; without consumers then marketing ceases to outlive its usefulness. Last is offering high-quality products and ensuring consumer satisfaction based on how the product is sold (Howard, 2014). Mark Cohen, in his article in the New York Times titled: A Revolutionary Marketing Strategy: Answer Customers’ Question, paints a picture of how the proprietor of Riverpools and Spas, Marcus Sheridon, used his marketing prowess to move the company which was on the brink of collapse back to prosperity. Where Marcus abandoned conventional marketing for content marketing this paid

6 Steps to Decision-Making Process Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

6 Steps to Decision-Making Process - Assignment Example This paper illustrates that last year at school the author was given a chance to choose a team. He made the poor decision of not considering two cheerleaders to be a part of his team because of bias. The teams composed of these cheerleaders received the only two A the professor gave. The stages of team development are forming, storming, norming, performing, and adjourning. During the forming stage, people get to know each other. In the storming stage, the group deals with tensions and defines group tasks. The norming stage has the teammates working together and building relationships. In the performing stage, there is maturation in relationships and task performance. Adjourning involves disbanding and celebrating accomplishments. Managing and leading are two distinct concepts when it comes to teamwork. When a person is managing in a team the person gives orders to others on what to do. Leading involves guiding the team on the right path. Some of the characteristics of an effective te am are good communication, existence of teamwork, delivering tasks on time, and performance. To have a better chance to receive an A on a research paper the team must perform good research and dissect information properly. Not having intelligent information affects the process adversely and can lead to making bad decisions. Using information from credited sources such as Plunkett Research, Dun & Bradstreet, and peer-reviewed journals can help the decision-making process.

Using ICT in Early Years Education

Using ICT in Early Years Education Unit 6 ICT Development and learning unit 6 Introduction In this unit we will talk about ICT and ways in which it helps to develop the child’s learning. We will also talk about ways which children can be safe guarded during internet uses and ways which families could become involved into ICT in child’s learning. Having ICT in the child’s settings brings good opportunities for the children. The aim of the child care provider is to equip the children with the basic skills that are needed in order to their own learning as throughout the education system over the years. ICT is used into many and all the curriculum at the early stage of learning to use ICT which will help through and apperception of technology from the early age. 6.1 Explain the 7 types of skills that children may develop as a result of using ICT? Language. Increase Confident. Increase Knowledge. Mathematical development. Fine motor skill. Gross motor skill. Creative. Language. Through ICT children have an opportunity to develop language skills also discussion with peer’s, by use of the’ qwerty ‘key board for recognising the simple words like their names and age. Increase Confidence. Working with computers and technology operation that children have a greater senses of confident when they are using new physical skills. This helps them to boost confident when new intellectual skills are used. When using ICT it helps children to curry out deeper level. Now days most children see computer games rather than learning tools ,that’s why if we use task set with the computer children will learn in a fun way and helps them to encourage and explore new learning and building up with their confidence. Increase in world of knowledge. Most and many of daily life are used by computer technology as by television, hand held games consoles, traffic lights and more other things. Children at a early age exposure to computers there are different types of technology that can be used as will of part of life, also helps to get a good job too. Mathematical Development. All children have the chances to use mathematical software, this is now used into many per- school interactive games to support and help out with the mathematical learning .Different types of programmes gives all the children the opportunity to learn shapes and to curry out of different ways of calculations which is in a fun and educational way. Fine motor skills. ICT has many movements ,such as mouse control this helps clicking or selecting shapes on the computer screen or may be clicking and dragging a cursor to select or may high light items of text .Using ICT such as touch screen technology has added fact to fine motor skills development. Also using touch screen device or computers has different movements of fingers to the mouse clicking ,which this helps to gain the types of fine motor skills that can help to develop. Gross motor skills. In many and most child care setting ,where the child may have the access to an interactive white board where they will be able to starch and touch varies parts of the white board and use a large pen to write on the screen. Creative Development. Children have the chances to explore through the use of ICT software programmes. It gives children the opportunities to express themselves creatively by drawing basic pictures, which helps them to drag and drop items onto the screens. This will also give them the chances to use colours and graphics’. The type of program could be used is Microsoft paint program which will help children to expose children to use computer drawing with the access to fined and fatter brush and pain ,colours. A good explanation of the skills that can be developed through using ICT. 6.2 Construct a booklet which can be issued to parents which identifies safety concerns for children using ICT, and how these concerns are being addressed in the child care setting. Safety concerns for children using ICT in child care setting. The key is to ensure that children have access to ICT which offers them opportunities to develop general skills and also extends their specific knowledge of that technology. Given the range of computer hardware and software now available on the educational and toy the range of computer hardware and software now available on the educational and toy market it has become increasingly difficult to make informed choices between them. The DATEC’s publication of guidance material for parents and practitioners is therefore calculated to provide for a pressing community need. It is based on research with Practitioners and researchers in the field. Ensure an educational purpose. Typical educational uses of ICT might be something as simple as the introduction of a pretend mobile telephone to encourage imaginative role play, which children from a very early age will do quite naturally. The educational benefits of imaginative role play are well documented. A favourite computer application with many children, is ‘Make a bug’ from the CD-ROM Millie’s Math House. This can be integrated as part of a more general class project, for example about insects and minibeasts. But any application introduced to children in order to develop understanding and experience of ICT should not just be enjoyable, although this is important. It should be educationally effective too. However entertaining most arcade-type games might seem, they provide little encouragement of creativity or, indeed, any other games might seem, they provide little encouragement of creativity or, indeed, any other worthwhile learning outcome and should therefore be rejected. This is not to suggest that applications should not be fun or used for leisure, only that they should be carefully chosen to have some educational value as well. Many settings and some homes use language and number drill-and-practice programs, but these have very narrow educational aims, such as practising addition or learning colours. Such programs should be used with caution, as they promote a very directive form of teaching, normally with the use of an external reward (a smiling face, a tick or a funny teaching, normally with the use of an external reward (a smiling face, a tick or a funny sound). Over-reliance on this kind of program risks reducing children’s intrinsic Such programs should be used with caution, as they promote a very directive form of Sound). Over-reliance on this kind of program risks reducing children’s intrinsic Teaching, normally with the use of an external reward (a smiling face, a tick or a funny sound). Over-reliance on this kind of program risks reducing children’s intrinsic motivation to learn. In any event there are usually much more interesting ways of learning about these Things (see ‘Ensure the child is in control’, below). Children need a variety of applications which encourage a range of development, including learning about this sound). In any event there are usually much more interesting ways of learning about these. Children need a variety of applications which encourage a range of development. Where the computer use is integrated with other activities and the computer is used Effectively as a tool, for instance in imaginative role play, modelling or painting, children will benefit from greater movement and exercise away from the computer. Use of the computer should not be at the expense of outdoor opportunities and experiences which promote developing essential gross motor skills through running, climbing, jumping, and swinging using wheeled toys. Daily and frequent access to outdoor experiences is essential for all children and their development. Some ICT applications can encourage playing and being outdoors. Metal detectors have already been mentioned. Identifying ICT in the outdoor environment when out walking or using programmable toys outside can help but is no childhood (though it’s always possible for some young children to be taking digital pictures of their friends and them. Involving parents. Research suggests that home–school communication leads to better understanding and more positive attitudes for teachers and parents about each other’s roles. Many studies which have the children all collaborate towards the same goals (Siraj-Blatchford, I. et al. 2002). Schools also report that Children show a more positive attitude towards learning under these circumstances, and are better behaved. Parent involvement is therefore a component of effective schools with merits which merits special consideration. When participation is well planned it can promote higher success in pupils And lead to more successful family environments. Communication between professional educators and parents is crucial in the early years and a more articulated set of aims. Educators and parents is crucial in the early years and a more articulated set of aims Between the home and early years setting can lead to better outcomes for children. But many staff is ill-equipped to know what strategies to adopt to foster better home–school Research shows that there is currently very little knowledge in settings about The children’s ICT experiences at home and that this not an area on which parents are special consideration. When participation is well planned it can promote higher success in pupils Research shows that there is currently very little knowledge in settings about the children’s ICT experiences at home and that this not an area on which parents are special consideration. When participation is well planned it can promote higher success in pupils and lead to more successful family environments. Communication between professional the children’s ICT experiences at home and that this not an area on which parents are. Location of ICT equipment. Placing the computer in a correct and safe place where it should be that the child’s provider can see at all times to make sure that the material is being used safely. When talking about ICT we should remember to use not just computers and laptops .All children should have the access the internet through WI –Fi connection such as iPods, mobile phones. These are and may be needed to keep an eye on all times to make sure children are being safe from the they are using on the computers. Safe search Engines. We should always remember to tab the history on the Brower that is being used by the child care setting .It is important so that we know what the child has been doing for safety corners. 6.3 Identify and describe the various ways in which ICT can be used to support the early years foundation stage curriculum .Reference should be made to the various types of ICT available, not just computers? The different ways in which Early years foundation stage ICT is into the curriculum and also the following early learning goals are; Early years foundation stage which is used into ICT are and the learning goals; Literacy. Communication. Mathematics. Physical development. Literacy Early learning goals Starts to read and understand simple sentences. They are more able to use phonics, uses different words that are used most of the time. Likes to talk to others about what they have read about. ICT Skills that can be used. White board can be used in different ways with the vast programmes that is being used to help children form new words. Computer programmes also helps children with their reading skills. Communication and language. Children start to listen well. They love listening to stories, hear and respond to comments and questions. Many children start to follows rules, ideas and actions. Children also learn to express themselves. ICT skills that can be used. Have a role play in the role play area by setting up computer check in the desk also having a game of visiting a doctor’s surgery. Could use a cordless telephone which will help children to make conversation with each other children. Children could film each other in a role play .Children also can video camera under supervision to create their own film. For computer use children can use images that children to match word to, also print images and text them together. Mathematics. Children start to learn numbers 1 to 20 and place the number and can realize which number is more or one. Uses objects to add and take way and counts backwards finding the correct answer. ICT that can be used. White board to short of different coloured shapes. Shapes can be drawn on the computer. Different types of paint programs are there for use. Also children can walk around the nursery and see the different shapes from everyday objects. Physical development. Most children start to show control of co-ordination with in bigger and smaller movements. Children start to feel more confident .They start to use everything in a correct manner. Children start to understand the importances for good health and diet and talk about ways to keep healthy. ICT skills can be used. Learn how to control a mouse. Learns how to use white board and smaller touch screen device which can be used to help to develop gross motor skills. Starts to take on t as helping in activity such as cookery and may be involved using healthy food. 6.4 Identify the ways in which families can become involved in ICT, including in particular the ways in which the child care setting can promote its use. Parents helping children to use ICT at home is very beneficial and helping children with their learning. As the child care provider who can help on how to use ICT in parents to communicate via email instead of pepper .There is also CCTV monitoring is available for all parent’s to have an access on to secure website which they could watch their child and what they are doing. As for parents there are many different courses that is there to help them learn the knowledge of ICT also how it helps and how to use ICT. There are different kind of programmes that all parents can learn to teach their children such as laminators, digital cameras. They can also help with basic ICT skills that is needed to help to increase their knowledge. Ways in which families could help children with ICT at home. Some studies have looked at the benefits of having access to a computer and/or the Internet at home. à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ · used effectively, ICT can improve children’s achievement. à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ · using ICT at home and at school develops skills for life. à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ · Children with supportive and involved parents and carers do better at school. à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ · Children enjoy using ICT. à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ · using ICT provides access to a wider and more flexible range of learning Materials. USING ICT AT HOME Obviously access to a computer at home is highly desirable. If the student has access to a computer then they can continue their studies at a time that is convenient to them. Access to the Internet is also extremely helpful since many of the tutorials and materials for ICT are stored electronically and can be downloaded From the school network via the Internet. Nonetheless, for those without access to the Internet, a portable USB memory stick can prove to be a value substitute, allowing the students to easily copy materials in school and take them home. We have been known in many studies in the UK and across the world on ICT’s effect on learning and teaching, and on the importance of having access to computers and/or the internet at home, both for children and parents. How you can help your child at home. ICT is not just about using computer. It is also includes the use of controllable toys , digital cameras and everyday staff such as DVD player ,mobile phone ,Nintendo the list well never end. As a parent or carer you could help your child with things of ICT at home to improve their skills for everyday use. Writing a letter to someone. Sending an email to a friend. Drawing a picture on screen. Using the Internet to research on home work. Using interactive games. Parents that help children with ICT at home it helps in many ways which will help them to improve with their work and skills which will help them to meet their target of work set for them. It will give them the chance to boost their confidantes. Developing this theme of the visual we use our digital cameras to record children’s progress and achievements which we share with parents. Again, how much more enjoyable and informative is a photograph than a tick box! Physical development, creative development and personal and social education especially lend themselves towards being reflected through a visual medium. We use our digital camera to communicate with parents about their children’s experiences, we load them onto the computer and use photos as screen savers and use our touch screen monitor so parents can turn the screen page photographs at a touch. Also there are many other things and ways in which a parent can help their child to learn the way they need to meet their goal that they have too. References Question 1 Open study college folder. Question 2 Light, P Butterworth (1992) context and origination of learning and knowing, Hemel Hempstead; Harvester wheatear online. Question 3 Open study college folder. http;//osclinks.com/99 Question 4 Open study college folder.

Techno Kids Is it Equal Oppurtunity for All? :: Technology Computers Papers

Techno Kids Is it Equal Oppurtunity for All? I’ve been planning a dinner party for a week now. It’s my first time doing this and I’m a little nervous. At first I wasn’t sure whom to invite but my English teacher helped me decide. He encouraged me to invite people who will help me learn about how children are becoming more computer literate at such a young age, and if it is all children or only a select group. The guest list consists of Anne Hird, the author of the book Learning from Cyber Savvy Students. She researched a school called Cityview; it is a privatized, college-prepatory school for children who come from low-income families. She studied the students’ knowledge and expertise at exploring the Internet. Through one-on-one conversations with individual students, Anne found that even though the students often knew more than the teacher did, they never questioned the teacher’s authority or knowledge. Anne was able to get on the students level and listen to what they had to say. Even when a girl rambled about how she liked downloading Loony Toon posters off the Internet, Anne put it in her book as valid information.1 David Trend, next on the list, is the author of the book Welcome to Cyberschool and he has very strong opinions that the Internet is geared to middle to upper class white families. He sites the U.S. Commerce statistics that show low-income families are twenty percent less likely to have Internet access then middle to upper class families. David’s tone is harsh when he speaks about conservative people and corporations. Descriptions like crass and â€Å"solitary and internally embattled men† sprinkle the pages when talking about big businesses and authors of cyberpunk novels.2 The last guest is Barbie. She has her own Website with educational games and links to sites that encourage individualism and education for girls around the ages of six to ten. Plus, she’ll add a little spice to the mix. I decided to make Paia, a Spanish rice dish. The main ingredient is yellow rice, but I put in chicken and green peas, too. I stayed away from a meat and potatoes type entrà ©e because David seemed like he wouldn’t appreciate the typical Middle America food. The Paia gave the meal some culture.

Education in the Philippines Essay

Education, a continuous process of growth from womb to tomb that is most essential to man for development and progress. In technical sense, it is the process by which society deliberately transmits its accumulated knowledge, values and skills from one generation to another through institutions. This technical process is sometimes called schooling, when referring to the compulsory education of the youth. The continuous growth of the population in the Philippines has been a great factor that affects the quality of education one can experience. There are greater and greater number of students in a class that a learning institution can accommodate. Other than that, some other problems occurred such as: lack of qualified teachers, inadequate classrooms and ineffective programs. These are more evident to public schools here in the country. Recognizant of this reality, small communities in the urban part of the country have been sensitively responding to this situation. Little by little, the number of private learning institutes have been massively growing in some areas in the city. The sustenance of these private schools is, in a very large extent, depend upon enrolment. School administrators have been continuously seeking ways and means to upgrade the standards and quality of their respective school in terms of its delivery system and other related components of quality education. This have been noticeable to Barangay Bagong Silangan because of the numerous learning centers that was established here for the past ten years. Parents, regardless of the schools’ standards, enroll their children to these private learning centers believing that they would experience a better quality education than that of in the public schools. It is, most of the people, if not everybody’s interest, to be equipped with knowledge and skills for productive endeavor in the future. The vital reason for a researcher to conduct a study is to make the parents aware if their children are getting the quality of education that they want for them in these private learning centers.

B2B VS B2C

Business to business can be defined as business that is involved in selling products to other businesses. In reality business-to-business (B2B) exist both online and offline but the B2B acronym has mainly been used to describe the online variety which has become common in the world today. Business-to-consumer (B2C) can be described as businesses that are concerned in selling products or providing services to end-user consumers.Business-to-consumer exist both online and offline but the acronym B2C has been used to describe business online (Kinder, 2001; Fang, Milena and Norm, 2002). B2B is mainly concerned in selling its products to another company that then sell to the final consumers. Business-to-business operates large number of transactions as compared to business-to-consumer and hence the transactions are mainly dealt with using electronic media. Business-to-business has adopted electronic commerce to enhance efficiency and reliability (Kinder, 2001).B2B is complicated with many employees while B2C is simpler and consist of fewer employees as compared to B2B. Business-to-business involves transactions between buyers and suppliers at organizational level. While business-to-consumers represent interaction between buyer and seller at individual level (Kinder, 2001; Fang, Milena and Norm, 2002). Business-to-business seems to do well online while business-to-consumer has lost fame due to loss of large sums of money when it was first inverted hence not widely used by many companies.Markets that are concerned by B2B are comparatively larger and overcrowded than B2C (Kinder, 2001; Fang, Milena and Norm, 2002). B2B email marketing has differences with B2C. In email marketing B2B has other major objectives other than sale objective, for example marketing the products available in the said company and hence it takes long before one land to the page that directs you to the purchase page. B2C primary objective in email marketing is sales and hence the initial click take s one to landing, page and then after few seconds to shopping cart.In a B2B the buyer is provided with the necessary logistics and then follow a series of steps in the email campaign which include both online and offline procedures before getting the to the last step which include phone call an employee representative of the company, a PDF document may then be attached to the email by the representative and for high-end products and services, a face-to-face meeting may be more efficient. In both B2B and B2C, there is limited permission in regard to email marketing with the consumer/buyers to obtain information require a longer process in B2B to ensure seriousness and reliability of the exchange.The buyers are assured of confidentiality of the information they give while in B2C there are no such services. In B2C, once the customer has entered the required information than include name, phone and mailing address, one expects to be handed in the purchased product immediately (Kinder, 2 001). In both B2B and B2C, there is the challenge of copywriting. It’s argued that in email marketing, it’s hard to tell whether the words or voice used compels the consumer well. However B2B is said to be more efficient in compelling buyers than B2C which uses a subject line to capture attention of the buyer (Fang, Milena and Norm, 2002).B2B which deal with large volumes of transactions is more likely to incur the problem of outdated email addresses especially when people change email address unless the marketer signs up with email change of address (ECOA) service like Return Path. B2C hardly incurs the problem because the list of email addresses provided is updated. Moreover B2C deal with small number of transactions hence it’s easy to trace the buyer’s addresses and verify their reliability (Kinder, 2001; Fang, Milena and Norm, 2002). It’s argued that B2B email marketing is more interesting than B2C.B2B involves moving back and forth, side to si de and numerous interesting information is provided which attract attention of the buyer but the B2C only provide one leading page which doesn’t have much information and hence not adventurous (Kinder, 2001). References Fang, W. Milena, H. and Norm, A. â€Å"E-Tailing: An Analysis of Web Impacts on Retail Market’’. Journal of Business Strategies 19. 2002, 34-89. Kinder, T. â€Å"The Use of Call Centers by Local Public Administrators’’. Marketing Journal 33, 2001, 45-88.

Slavery and Compromises essays

Slavery and Compromises essays The practice of slavery goes back to ancient time, but as it developed in the United States, the slave system was different. It was different in at least two ways which were the slaves in the United States had no legal rights and the By the 1800, slavery had increased greatly in the United States and was a main issue. It split the United States into two sides, one against slavery and the other was for slavery. The South was the slaves states and the North was the free slaves. Southerners had first defended slavery as a necessary evil. They began looking at it as a positive good. They declared that it was the economic mainstay of a whole region. They also argued that it offered protection for a race that could not provide for itself. They considered it a glorious thing that it was sanctioned by the Bible, and approved by God. The Northerners believed that there was a slave power conspiracy aimed at extending slavery to the whole United States. Many Southerners feared that their property would be seized by wild-eyed radicals who had no understanding of the Southern way of life. They considered African Americans as people and thought that they shouldnt be treated unfairly just based on the color of their skin. Abolitionist were blamed for starting up and attack caused by Nat Turner. Soon after this, abolitionist literature was no longer allowed to go through the mail in the South. Because of the tension among the Nation, the United States were about Before the Civil war there were two compromises that had been dealing with slavery. The compromises were the Missouri Compromise and the The Missouri Compromise allowed Maine to be admitted as a free state, Missouri being admitted as a slave state, and for slavery to be prohibited in the rest of the Louisiana Purchase north of latitude thirty six ...

Emoji

Emoji Emoji Emoji By Maeve Maddox Ancient Egyptians had hieroglyphics. Modern Man has emojis. Since the 1980s, symbols to express emotions have proliferated in cyberspace. At first they were made with what was available on the keyboard, like the smiley face made with a colon, a hyphen, and a parenthesis. Now, thanks to Unicode, they appear as true pictures: faces, hands, heads, cupcakes, robots, even a swirly pile of brown poop with eyes and a smile. These symbols acquired a name in 1990: emoticon, a portmanteau word made by combining emotion and icon. In 1997 or so, the Japanese word for pictograph- emoji- went international as a term for emoticons produced with Unicode. Note: The similarity of emoji to emoticon is coincidental. The Japanese word was coined in 1928, perhaps on the model of English pictograph: Japanese e = picture; moji = letter or character. So far, more than 700 emojis are available, with more on the way. Vyvyan Evans, a professor of linguistics at Bangor University (Wales), refers to the use of emojis as a language called Emoji: Emoji is the fastest growing form of language ever based on its incredible adoption rate and speed of evolution. As a visual language emoji has already eclipsed hieroglyphics, its ancient Egyptian precursor, which took centuries to develop. According to a Table Talk Mobile survey of 2,000 Britons, ages 18-65, â€Å"more than eight in 10 Brits are now using emoji to communicate regularly.† Users in the 18 to 25-year-old age bracket said they found it easier to put their feelings across in emoji icons than in text. Of the over forties, 54% said they were confused by what the symbols meant. Professor Evans doesn’t think that pictorial language will replace the kind that depends on words, but he does expect it to augment written language, making it â€Å"more appealing to younger readers†: I think it’s conceivable that emoji will increasingly be used to complement digital versions of written works. For instance, the inclusion of emoji to help convey meaning in abridged versions of Shakespeare could help bring those great stories to life for a whole new generation. Although I think that emojis are fun to use, I’m glad that I learned to understand and appreciate Shakespeare without the aid of picture writing. My high school generation not only read the plays as they were written, we memorized whole swathes of words from Julius Caesar (9th grade), As You Like It (10th grade), Romeo and Juliet (11th grade), and Macbeth (12th grade). I suppose this description from Macbeth could be rendered in Emoji, but I doubt the drawings of a bird and some trees would send goose bumps down my arms all these years later: Light thickens, and the crow Makes wing to th rooky wood. Good things of day begin to droop and drowse; Whiles nights black agents to their preys do rouse. But, different times, different customs. BBC’s Newsbeat, a site aimed at a young audience, features a weekly news quiz written in emoji. Tennis player Andy Murray tweeted about his wedding in emoji. Note: There is disagreement as to the plural of emoji. Some speakers prefer to use the same form for both: one emoji/two emoji. Others think that emoji should follow the English rule and add s to form the plural: one emoji/two emojis. The AP Stylebook has ruled in favor of emojis. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:"Because Of" and "Due To" Hyper and HypoEbook, eBook, ebook or e-book?

Argos Was an Important Greek Polis

Argos Was an Important Greek Polis Located by the Gulf of Argolis, Argos is an important polis of Greece in the southern section, the Peloponnese, specifically, in the area called the Argolid. It has been inhabited since prehistoric times. The inhabitants were known as á ¼Ë†Ã ÃŽ ³ÃŽ µÃ¡ ¿â€"ÃŽ ¿ÃŽ ¹ (Argives), a term that is sometimes used for all the Greeks. Argos competed with Sparta for prominence in the Peloponnese but lost. The Gods and Heros of Argos Argos was named for an eponymous hero. The more familiar Greek heroes Perseus and Bellerophon are also connected with the city. In the Dorian invasion, when the descendants of Heracles, known as the Heraclidae, invaded the Peloponnese, Temenus received Argos for his lot. Temenos is one of the ancestors of the Macedonian royal house from which came Alexander the Great. Argives worshiped the goddess Hera in particular. They honored her with an Heraion and annual festival. There were also sanctuaries of Apollo Pythaeus, Athena Oxyderces, Athena Polias, and Zeus Larissaeus (located on the Argive acropolis known as Larissa). The Nemean Games were held in Argos from the end of the fifth century to the late fourth because the sanctuary of Zeus at Nemea had been destroyed; then, in 271, Argos became their permanent home. Telesilla of Argos was a female Greek poet who wrote around the turn of the fifth century B.C.  She is best known for rallying the women of Argos against the attacking Spartans under Cleomenes I, in about 494. Alternate Spellings: á ¼Å'Ï ÃŽ ³ÃŽ ¿Ãâ€š Argos in Literature In the period of the Trojan War, Diomedes ruled Argos, but Agamemnon was his overlord, and so the whole Peloponnese is sometimes referred to as Argos. The Iliad Book VI mentions Argos in connection with mythological figures Sisyphus and Bellerophon: There is a city in the heart of Argos, pasture land of horses, called Ephyra, where Sisyphus lived, who was the craftiest of all mankind. He was the son of Aeolus, and had a son named Glaucus, who was father to Bellerophon, whom heaven endowed with the most surpassing comeliness and beauty. But Proetus devised his ruin, and being stronger than he, drove him from the land of the Argives, over which Jove had made him ruler. Some Apollodorus references to Argos: 2.1 Ocean and Tethys had a son Inachus, after whom a river in Argos is called Inachus....But Argus received the kingdom and called the Peloponnese after himself Argos; and having married Evadne, daughter of Strymon and Neaera, he begat Ecbasus, Piras, Epidaurus, and Criasus, who also succeeded to the kingdom. Ecbasus had a son Agenor, and Agenor had a son Argus, the one who is called the All-seeing. He had eyes in the whole of his body, and being exceedingly strong he killed the bull that ravaged Arcadia and clad himself in its hide; and when a satyr wronged the Arcadians and robbed them of their cattle, Argus withstood and killed him.Thence [Danaus] came to Argos and the reigning king Gelanor surrendered the kingdom to him; and having made himself master of the country he named the inhabitants Danai after himself. 2.2 Lynceus reigned over Argos after Danaus and begat a son Abas by Hypermnestra; and Abas had twin sons Acrisius and Proetus by Aglaia, daughter of Mantineus.... They divided the whole of the Argive territory between them and settled in it, Acrisius reigning over Argos and Proetus over Tiryns. Sources Argos The Concise Oxford Companion to Classical Literature. Ed. M.C. Howatson and Ian Chilvers. Oxford University Press, 1996. Albert Schachter Argos, Cults The Oxford Classical Dictionary. Ed. Simon Hornblower and Anthony Spawforth. Oxford University Press 2009. The Traditional Enmity Between Sparta and Argos: The Birth and Development of a MythThomas KellyThe American Historical Review, Vol. 75, No. 4 (Apr., 1970), pp. 971-1003 Reviving Nemeas Games

Communication, Ethics, and Society Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Communication, Ethics, and Society - Assignment Example Despite the disparities in cultures, Carola slowly adjusts to the new culture; they start a business, and have a child. Her husband becomes jealous of her, especially in the event of her flirting with other men. The movie ends with Carola travelling back to Switzerland with her daughter after several arguments with Lemalian. Lemalian doubts that she would return to him. In as much as I can clearly recall the movie, I am not able to recall all the names of the characters in the movie, for instance, the serviceman at Lemalian’s and Carola’s shop, the priest in the church amongst others. Basing my argument on DeFleur’s argument, the movie is well portrayed, thus, making it less tasking for me to recall the major characters and the plot of the movie (78). The audience’s perception, attitude and attention have been aroused, allowing the audiences follow involuntarily the contents of the movie. Conclusively, the manner in which content has been displayed by the media determines the permanence and the consistence in which the audience will have in following up the themes displayed to the

Issues Surrounding the Japanese Attack on Pearl Harbor Research Paper

Issues Surrounding the Japanese Attack on Pearl Harbor - Research Paper Example This paper explores the issues surrounding the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. Japan’s attack on Pearl Harbor was to deprive America of its naval strength so that Japan could easily expand into China and the Dutch East Indies. The nature of attack When the interests of a country are threatened, its government and military forces can go to any lengths to take measures to neutralize those threats. Same happened with Japan whose expansion in China was threatened by the placement of the oil embargo upon her by America. The US Military essentially served as a threat for Japan’s interests, and so Japan acted to neutralize them. History provides evidence that America herself has acted in similar ways to expand. For example, the Mexican people and the indigenous people of America were eradicated from the land so that the Americans could achieve their manifest destiny. Although the assassination of the American servicemen in the Pearl Harbor attack is tragic, yet the Pearl Harb or attack by Japan seems justified from an impartial standpoint. Lack of war declaration One argument that is consistently raised against Japan on the Pearl Harbor attack is that the attack was undeclared. Japan made a sneak attack rather than declaring a war formally simply because she wanted to win. It was not a kind of war in which Japan wanted to show its power or uplift its ego that she would feel the need to challenge America upfront. Instead, all Japan wanted was to oust a country that was intruding into her plans of expansion, and Japan would choose any way to achieve that because accomplishment of her plans mattered the most. Saying that the attack was illegal does not make sense because law and war are two terms that do not go with each other. Anticipation of war Japan’s attack on Pearl Harbor was meant directed at the neutralization of the US Pacific Fleet, so that Japan’s advancement into the Dutch East Indies and Malaya that would provide Japan with access to a range of natural resources including rubber and oil could be ensured. Both America and Japan were aware of the possibility of war because of the growing tensions between the two countries since 1920s, though the invasion of Manchuria by Japan in 1931 marked the beginning of the most complicated terms between America and Japan. â€Å"The U.S. did not want to take military action in China, but it attempted to influence the foreign powers to take a strong stand against Japan† (Perkins, 1997, p. 111). During the 1930s, Japan’s continued expansion into China led to the commencement of war between Japan and China in 1937. The attack Nanking Massacre caused by Japan and her attack on the USS Panay increased the fear of Japanese expansion in the West and sharply turned the people of the West against Japan. As a result of the growing pressure from the people, the UK, France, and America resolved to provide China with loan assistance for the supply contracts related to war . In 1940, Japan tried to control the supplies that reached China by invading French Indochina (Gin, 2004, p. 651), but the shipment of machine tools, airplanes, aviation gasoline, and parts were halted by America. Japan understandably thought of it as an unfriendly act by America. However, to dilute the perceived unfriendliness by Japan, America continued to export oil to Japan. This was done, in part, because stopping oil export was perceived as an extreme step in Washington and was enough to provoke Japan. The ideological affinity between Britain and America was unquestionable in 1939, but large swathes of the American media and public were

Questions answering 2053 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Questions answering 2053 - Essay Example The firm is incorporated in one country and opens foreign subsidiaries in the countries (Cullen and Parboteeah, 2013). The existing literature identifies that globalization can take two different forms namely forced globalization and participative globalization (McCann and Acs, 2011). MNCs enter the globalization through the avenue of participative globalization. The opening of companies in foreign land has received huge boost during the past three decades and this is entirely because of globalization. It has been estimated that multinational companies comprise two-third of the global trade (McCann and Acs, 2011). Reduced cost of production, expansion of market for products and earning higher profits are driving forces to expand business. The cost of labour is considerably lower in the developing countries compared to the developed countries and this motivates firms to relocate production. When domestic markets become saturated it becomes imperative to capture other consumers and foreign expansion is a lucrative option for companies (Dunning, 2012). Difference in cultures is perhaps the most formidable challenge that has to be faced by companies in their quest for expansion. Management of interpersonal relationships in the MNCs require integrating the national culture of the managers and employees (Sweeney and McFarlin, 2014). Additionally MNCs requires modifying their products and services according to the niche taste of the masses depending on the country. For instance, when New York Fresh Deli opened franchises in Dubai, vinegar had to be removed from the salad dressings as it was considered as spirit in Dubai (Guffey and Loewy, 2010). According to Hofstede (2011) culture can be treated as mental software that affects the way in which a person thinks or behaves. Effective management of human resource is important for the MNC’s as people are often exposed to

Human sexuality Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

Human sexuality - Essay Example Golanty and Edlin (196) describe experiment where persons got alcohol with tonic or tonic without alcohol, and it was told to the randomly taken subjects that they drink alcohol. These persons, regardless whether their drinks contained alcohol or not, demonstrated sexual desire. Alcohol decreases the level of self-control of increases the level of aggression. ‘Alcohol myopia’ when a person ignores negative consequences and is focused on the sexual context is a known result of the alcohol consumption (Bancroft 406). As alcohol decreases control of own behavior, it becomes one of the strongest predictors of the sexual aggression (Rosental 412). Alcohol is just a symbol of establishing the proper sexual behavior. Biological impact of alcohol is harmful for the human sexuality. Chronic alcoholism is the main risk factor. Alcohol decreases sexual desire for both male and female. The most commonly reported problem for male alcoholics is erectile dysfunction. Ejaculatory incompetence, erectile impotence and premature ejaculation occur less frequently. Typical problems of the female alcoholics are lack of orgasm, lack of sexual interest, lack of sexual arousal or pleasure, lack of lubrication, painful intercourse and muscular spasms (Aluko et al. 1281). The mechanisms of alcohol’s impact on the human sexuality are not well understood. It acts as depressant and sedates on the brain cells decelerating the brain activity. The researches results show that chronic intake of alcohol may significantly decrease the level of testosterone for male persons. The low level of testosterone can be a possible explanation for the sexual dysfunctions of male alcoholics. Another effect of alcohol the retardation of blood congestion and swelling in the genitals, as well as decrease of the vaginal blood volume. It can explain the erectile dysfunction due to altered blood flow to genitalia and/or

Explain what meant by the term Ricardian Equivalence. Does it meant Essay

Explain what meant by the term Ricardian Equivalence. Does it meant that public debit does not matter Discuss - Essay Example It suggests that debt management systems that a government uses cannot affect the total demand in an economy. As a result, the public will continuously save its excess monetary incentives to cater for the future increase in tax obligation. The theory has been instrumental in several nations including US in the management of economic complications such as inflation. It provides basic incentives and guidelines that enable investors in various economies to embrace the applications. However, it has been exposed to criticism from various scholars and individuals who question credibility. The stakeholders state that the theory is full of suppositions and assumptions but lack factual guidelines. They affirm that it cannot provide factual solutions to the current economic dynamics. The meaning of  Ricardian Equivalence, discussion on public debit and its relevance to economist Ricardian equivalence theory holds that consumers in various economic set ups are continuously internalizing their government budget constraints. Economically, the theory has real budget constraints and functions that represent expenditure in various fiscal or economic periods as determined by a government. Normally, the constraints are given in two periods (period1 and 2). They give a credible procedure of how government expenditure is arrived at and how key functions that include interest rate and value of holdings affect expenditure rates. g1 + b1 = (1+r) b0 + t1 and g2 + b2 = (1+r) b1 + t2. As indicated g1 and g2 are key denotations of government spending in both periods while t1 and t2 denote real tax revenue that a government is able to collect within the periods. Consequently, b0, b1 and b2 represent the value of the real asset holdings that a government has at the end of the periods. As usual r represent the real interest rate between the fiscal periods or period one and two respectively. These constrains gives a clear understanding on how government expenditure and allocation of resour ces is done. It also facilitates the understanding of the contribution of each element in calculating government expenditure. This empowers them to evade the effects of any tax changes that may obstruct their spending competence. Tax variations do not affect demand levels because consumers make adequate preparations to counter the effects of tax increases. The theory suggests that it is no longer an economic issue if an administration finances its costs with debt or tax raise (Ghosh & Ghosh 2008 p. 279). This is recommendable according to the theory because the sources of finance cannot affect the level of demand for various securities and other commodities in a fiscal system. This explains why public debt remains a key source of debt finance. It ensures that consumers are cushioned from the effects of economic hostilities. Indeed, the theory emphasizes the imperativeness of debt financing and increase in taxation in ensuring the achievement of balanced economy. Its development enab led economists to manage the balance of recompense deficit effectively. This is essential in ensuring that a country operates within its limits and strengthens its internal resource enlistment sectors. It also ensures that consumers and investors continuously study how budget is run, and make capital reserve for future tax increases (Ghosh & Ghosh 20

Placement Report at Abacus Business Advisors, Ltd Essay

Placement Report at Abacus Business Advisors, Ltd - Essay Example Abacus Business Advisors, Ltd. (Abacus) was reportedly incorporated on March 17, 2010. Just two years in operation, this corporation is classified as private company with three partners:   Ishtiaq Mahmood Farooqui, the Director and Accountant with expertise in accountancy, book-keeping and transactions involving tax consultancy; Ejaz Farooqui, also the Director and Accountant share the same expertise with Ishtiaq Mahmood Farooqui; finally, Yomtov Eliezer Jacobs, was the Director whose expertise was in company formation. As such, his directorship was already classified as inactive at current times.Location and Contact Numbers  Abacus is currently located at 9 Norville Terrace, Headingley Lane, Leeds in the United Kingdom. It is classified as a private organization that offers accounting and auditing services; as well as tax consultancy services. Its contact number is 0113 225 2026 and 0113 274 5508. It currently advertises its services through online sites such as the SeekAccounta nt.co.uk,   TouchLocal.com, among others.Placement Job DetailsMajor Accounts and Responsibilities  In my first week, the first few days were spent in orientation of the organization’s accounting system. I had to be familiarized with their system to enable facilitation of filing, encoding, and working on basis accounting responsibilities: book-keeping, bank reconciliation, among others. I was made to start off with sorting out bank reconciliation in the first few weeks. I worked through the organization’s general ledger accounts.... It is classified as a private organization that offers accounting and auditing services; as well as tax consultancy services. Its contact number is 0113 225 2026 and 0113 274 5508. It currently advertises its services through online sites such as the SeekAccountant.co.uk, TouchLocal.com, among others. Placement Job Details Major Accounts and Responsibilities In my first week, the first few days were spent in orientation of the organization’s accounting system. I had to be familiarized with their system to enable facilitation of filing, encoding, and working on basis accounting responsibilities: book-keeping, bank reconciliation, among others. I was made to start off with sorting out bank reconciliation in the first few weeks. I worked through the organization’s general ledger accounts that contained records of their cash and check transactions. Likewise, I worked through bank statements to reconcile and counter check that the cash and check transactions during the perio d under study to perfectly reconcile with the balances shown in both the general ledger and the bank statements. It was initially a difficult task given the details that one needs to check and countercheck these balances (bank versus book). Likewise, adjustments had to be made in terms of deposits in transit, any outstanding checks issued but not yet recorded by the bank, and the occurrence of some bank errors (as it normally happens). In addition, I had to adjust the balance in the company’s books in terms of the need to deduct bank service charges, NSF check fees and fees for the issuance of checks. I also noted the need to add interests earned and any notes receivable, as identified. After comparing the accuracy of the balances, I finally had to prepare journal entries to

Explain what meant by the term Ricardian Equivalence. Does it meant Essay

Explain what meant by the term Ricardian Equivalence. Does it meant that public debit does not matter Discuss - Essay Example It suggests that debt management systems that a government uses cannot affect the total demand in an economy. As a result, the public will continuously save its excess monetary incentives to cater for the future increase in tax obligation. The theory has been instrumental in several nations including US in the management of economic complications such as inflation. It provides basic incentives and guidelines that enable investors in various economies to embrace the applications. However, it has been exposed to criticism from various scholars and individuals who question credibility. The stakeholders state that the theory is full of suppositions and assumptions but lack factual guidelines. They affirm that it cannot provide factual solutions to the current economic dynamics. The meaning of  Ricardian Equivalence, discussion on public debit and its relevance to economist Ricardian equivalence theory holds that consumers in various economic set ups are continuously internalizing their government budget constraints. Economically, the theory has real budget constraints and functions that represent expenditure in various fiscal or economic periods as determined by a government. Normally, the constraints are given in two periods (period1 and 2). They give a credible procedure of how government expenditure is arrived at and how key functions that include interest rate and value of holdings affect expenditure rates. g1 + b1 = (1+r) b0 + t1 and g2 + b2 = (1+r) b1 + t2. As indicated g1 and g2 are key denotations of government spending in both periods while t1 and t2 denote real tax revenue that a government is able to collect within the periods. Consequently, b0, b1 and b2 represent the value of the real asset holdings that a government has at the end of the periods. As usual r represent the real interest rate between the fiscal periods or period one and two respectively. These constrains gives a clear understanding on how government expenditure and allocation of resour ces is done. It also facilitates the understanding of the contribution of each element in calculating government expenditure. This empowers them to evade the effects of any tax changes that may obstruct their spending competence. Tax variations do not affect demand levels because consumers make adequate preparations to counter the effects of tax increases. The theory suggests that it is no longer an economic issue if an administration finances its costs with debt or tax raise (Ghosh & Ghosh 2008 p. 279). This is recommendable according to the theory because the sources of finance cannot affect the level of demand for various securities and other commodities in a fiscal system. This explains why public debt remains a key source of debt finance. It ensures that consumers are cushioned from the effects of economic hostilities. Indeed, the theory emphasizes the imperativeness of debt financing and increase in taxation in ensuring the achievement of balanced economy. Its development enab led economists to manage the balance of recompense deficit effectively. This is essential in ensuring that a country operates within its limits and strengthens its internal resource enlistment sectors. It also ensures that consumers and investors continuously study how budget is run, and make capital reserve for future tax increases (Ghosh & Ghosh 20

Night of the scorpion (page 9) Essay Example for Free

Night of the scorpion (page 9) Essay Question: compare the ways people are presented in the Night of the scorpion (page 9) with the ways people are presented in one other poem of your choice from the poems form different cultures, * Who the people are * What you find out about the people * Similarities between the methods the poet use to present the people * Differences between the methods the poets use to present the people * What you think about the people and how they are presented. People are at the central of some poems as some of the poets are interested with the society and the attitudes towards the people on how they treat each other. On the other hand, sometimes people live completely different lifestyles from one and another. Others are interested in the people who are on their own and get on things individually. As you can see, that in the anthology of the poems from different cultures, people are presented in many different ways. The local people in Night of the scorpion believe in reincarnation as its set in a Hindu community. Though the child is scared and confused by the religious response due to his mothers sting from the scorpion. In contrast Island man describes how an immigrant in London reacts to his environment as he dreams of his Caribbean home. Night of the scorpion uses structure to show the sense of panic in the villagers reactions. Its two stanzas long the first stanza with 45 lines and the second stanza with only 3 lines. The final three lines are separated from the rest of the poem as its about the mothers calm unselfish reaction. Its separate because its a clear contrast to the panic in the first stanza of the poem. Island man uses structure to show the confused thoughts of the awaked man. There is no punctuation the line lengths vary and some phrases are misplaced, just like this individual line is, He always comes back groggily groggily. The poetic devises used in he poems differ to show the different ways people are presented. Night of the scorpion is written in the first person, which is from the Childs point of view, but hes an outsider throughout the poem and he cant affect anything. There is a simile used as well, the peasants came like swarms of flies and buzzed the name of God hundred times. The simile makes the villagers seem really panicked. Also there is the use of repetition of the word may as it makes it sound like a prayer, but when having the same word at start of so many lines makes this reaction seem repetitive and unthinking. They said is also repeated at the end of many lines. In contrast, the poetic devises used in Island man are limited. As it shows the confusion of that the character is going through. The reader gets a series of contrasting images for example the sound of the blue surf of the Caribbean, which conflicts, with the Grey metallic soar of London. The word wombing suggests the sense the dream has on his emerald island. Both poets show how the people feel in their different situations and give us their own view. The poet in Night of the scorpion is frightened by what is happening but admits his mums courage. Though Ezekiel seems critical of religion, the ceremonial language and all that talk of the next life seems unhelpful and premature. The feelings revealed in Island man obviously has fond memories of the Caribbean but represent his dull London. We can feel his depression as he heaves himself to Another London day. Grace Nicholas has sympathy for this man as he feels the conflict of these two cultures. Finally, Night of the scorpion has made me feel that believing in god could always be a solution to the problem also it has made me aware of the people around me who can help me in such difficulties I am struggling with. Though Island man has made me aware of how it might feel to be trapped in a foreign country, which you are not too familiar with. Both poems have made me hope that in the future, if I am in trouble or I am home sick then I can count on the society who will always be there to support me.

Exploring Walt Disney World Tourism Essay

Exploring Walt Disney World Tourism Essay What is the largest and most visited resort in the world? Walt Disney World, Orlando, Florida is the largest and most visited place in the world. The Walt Disney World Resort contains a variety of places to visit. Disney World offers four famous theme parks, two water parks, along with many other Disney themed attractions. Walt Disney World has five golf courses total. Four of which are 18-hole courses. Those courses include, Disneys Palm Golf Course, Disneys Mangolia Golf Course, Bonnet Creek Golf Course, and Lake Buena Vista Course. Three of those courses are on the PGA Tour. Disney also offers one 9-hole course called Disneys Oak Trail Golf Course. The golf courses offer golf carts for guests to use. Fantasia Gardens and Winter Summerland are two of Disneys miniature golf course. Walt Disneys water parks include Typhoon Lagoon, and Blizzard Beach. Disneys Typhoon Lagoon has the largest outdoor water park in the world. Typhoon Lagoons mascot is called Lagoona Gator. The legend of this park is, a typhoon came and flung fishing supplies, surfing gear, and ships all around the park. In the middle of the park is a shrimp boat, Miss Tilly. The shrimp boat is on a mountain that gushes water out every half hour for a waterfall. This park offers raft rides, waterslides, a wave pool, and even a shark reef. Teens and adults can go snorkeling with stingrays and sharks at shark reef. Typhoon Lagoon offers rides for the whole family. Such rides at Typhoon Lagoon include Crush N Gusher which is a roller coaster water slide. Also there are single person flume rides known as Keelhaul Falls and Storm Slides. Mayday Falls is a curvy fun inner tube ride. There is also Castaway Creek, which is an inner tube ride that goes all through the park. This park offers a lot of excitement for guests to have fun in. Blizzard Beach is the other water park at the Walt Disney World Resort. It is one of the most unique water parks. The legend of this park is that huge snowstorms lead to the constructing of a ski resort that didnt happen because the snow didnt last long. As the resort was closing an alligator was spotted sliding down a flume. The ski resort was made into a water park with the alligator named Ice Gator as the mascot. This park has one of the largest free falling slides in the world. Many of the slides are from Mount Gushmore. Mount Gushmore is the fifth highest point in Florida. Blizzard Beach also has a ride called Teamboat Springs which is one of the longest family raft rides. Walt Disney has four theme parks that are very well-known. Disneys parks include, Magic Kingdom, Animal Kingdom, Disneys Hollywood Studios, and Epcot. There are always parades or shows involving Disney characters for children and adults to enjoy. Disney characters are almost everywhere you look at the parks to take pictures with the guests. Every park has Disney related shops and restaurants. Magic Kingdom is the most visited park in the world. The park is represented by Cinderellas Castle. Magic Kingdom includes seven magical lands. The lands include, Adventureland, Frontierland, Liberty Square, Main Street USA, Fantasyland, Tomorrowland, and Mickeys Toontown Fair. Magic Kingdom has many Disney movie themed rides for the whole family. This park contains some of the famous rides such as Splash Mountain. Adventureland is themed to resemble jungles in Asia, Africa, Middle East, and South America. The Pirates of the Caribbean ride is at this part of Magic Kingdom. At Adventureland take a magic carpet ride on The Magic Carpets of Aladdin. Also guests can find the Swiss Family Robinson Treehouse at this section of Magic Kingdom. Attractions such as Splash Mountain and the Country Bear Jamboree can be found in Frontierland. Frontierland is the more western part of the park. Tom Sawyer Island is a place that Walt Disney actually designed. Liberty Square contains the Haunted Mansion and the Hall of Presidents. It is based on an American Revolutionary town. Guests can dance with Goofy and characters from Toy Story 2 at Goofys Country Dancin Jamboree. Main Street USA is the most popular area of Magic Kingdom. Many shopping areas and restaurants are found there. Cinderellas Castle stands at the end of Main Street. The Bibbidi Bobbidi Boutique is a major attraction for young girls to get made over into a princess at Cinderellas Castle. Many of parades happen sporadically at this part of the park. Fantasyland is based on a carnival theme. Fantasylands main attractions include, Dumbo the Flying Elephant, its a small world, Snow Whites Scary Adventures, Mad Tea Party, and The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh. Mickeys PhilharMagic is popular here, its a 3-D adventure. Tomorrowland features the well-known ride, Space Mountain. Also guests can interact with Toy Story characters at Buzz Lightyears Space Ranger Spin. Mickeys Toontown Fair is the last of the seven lands at Magic Kingdom. This part of the park is exciting because it contains places that belong to the characters. Guests can meet Tinker Bell and her fairy friends at Pixie Hollow. At Toon Park guests can interact with Chip and Dale. Guests can walk through Minne Mouses home in this section of Magic Kingdom. Mickeys house is also at this part of the park. Donalds Boat is another attraction here. One of Disneys other parks is Animal Kingdom. This is the newest park; it is also the largest Disney theme park in the world. Animal Kingdom allows animal encounters along with live entertainment. This park is themed around animals. The park contains 250 different types of animals making the park have more than 1,700 animals. Animal Kingdom has seven different areas which include, Oasis, Discovery Island, Camp Minnie-Mickey, Africa, Rafikis Planet Watch, Asia, and Dinoland. The Oasis is the main entrance to Animal Kingdom. This is where guests can encounter with animals such as wallabies, spoons, ducks, and giant anteaters. Rainforest Cafà © is a big attraction at Oasis. It is an animal themed restaurant that has a welcoming environment. The parks Tree of Life is found at Discovery Island. Discovery Island is a main part of Animal Kingdom because it connects to all of the parts of the park besides Rafikis Planet Watch. The parks largest shops and restaurants are located at Discovery Island. Another main attraction of the section of Animal Kingdom is, Its Tough to be a Bug. Mickey and Minnie can be found at Camp Minnie-Mickey. At this section of the park there is a theatre that features The Festival of the Lion King. Africas main attraction is the Kilimanjaro Safaris. Guests will be able to see giraffes, hippos, elephants, and wild animals on the safari. Guests take a Wildlife Express Train to learn about animal habitats on Rafikis Planet Watch. Around that area there is a small petting zoo for people to interact with the animals. Another part of Animal Kingdom is Asia. Asia contains the Maharajah Jungle Trek that guests can go through forests and see tigers, fruit bats, and komodo dragons. There is a river rapid ride located in Asia. There is also a roller coaster through the Himalayas at Expedition Everest. Dinoland has a Bone yard for kids to play in along with carnival games and gift shops. There are family rides and a roller coaster in this area of the park. One can also find Finding Nemo The Musical here. Another Walt Disney Park is Disneys Hollywood Studios. It is represented by The Sorcerers Hat, which is a symbol from the film Fantasia. This park is slightly different from the other parks because it is set up differently. It contains numerous amounts of buildings and streets. There is no defined layout. The park consists of six different areas that are, Hollywood Boulevard, Echo Lake, Streets of America, Animation Courtyard, Pixar Place, and Sunset Boulevard. Hollywood Boulevard is Hollywood Studios main entrance. There are venues everywhere you look selling Disney items. Live entertainment is always happening at this part of the park. There is a replica of the Chinese Theater that contains The Great Movie Ride inside of it. The Great Movie Ride is a dark ride that features old movies such as The Wizard of Oz. Another part of Hollywood Studios is Echo Lake. It is a small oval shaped lagoon with attractions such as The American Idol Experience and Hall of Fame Plaza. Another attraction at Echo Lake is the Indiana Jones Epic Stunt Spectacular! Kids can interact with plants and toys at the Honey I Shrunk the Kids Movie Set Adventure at Streets of America. This area of the park is where a lot of stunts are performed. Disneys Toy Story Plant Pizza Arcade is at this area as well. Animation Courtyard is where guests can meet Disneys Pixar characters. Playhouse Disney and the Voyage of the Little Mermaid are live performances at Animation Courtyard. At the Pixar Place the attraction is Toy Story Midway Mania!, which contain all of the Toy Story characters. Guests are able to see animations in movies. Last but not least, Hollywood Studios Sunset Boulevard contains the Twilight Zone Tower of Terror and the Rock and Roll Roller Coaster. Sunset Boulevard also features Beauty and the Beast Live on Stage. Walt Disney Worlds final theme park is Epcot. Epcots icon is Spaceship Earth. This park is focused on international culture and technological innovation. This park only has two sections which are, World Showcase, and Future World. This park is twice the size of Disneys Magic Kingdom. Epcot has a variety of attractions from just a simple boat ride to fast thriller rides. Epcot has Kidcot stations which offer creations of one-of-a kind souvenirs. World Showcase contains 11 pavilions that represent different countries. Every pavilion has shops and restaurants that resemble their culture. The pavilions include Mexico, Norway, China, Germany, Italy, The American Adventure, Japan, Morocco, France, United Kingdom, and Canada. An attraction at World Showcase is the Kim Possible World Showcase Adventure. The Kim Possible World Showcase Adventure is in most pavilions. It is an electronic scavenger hunt using a type cell phone, presented by Verizon Wireless. At the Germany pavilion characters from Snow White make appearances. In addition to Italy features Pinocchio characters. The Great American pavilion features all of the flags throughout the history of the United States. Guests take a tour through American history at this pavilion. The France pavilion shows a replica of the Eiffel Tower. There are shops that sell French items. Disneys Beauty and the Beast make frequent appearances at the France pavilion. Characters from The Aristocats along with The Hunchback of Notre Dame also make appearances at France. The United Kingdom has a Beatles tribute band known as The British Invasion who performs frequently there. In stores at this pavilion you are able to find Beatles souvenirs. Characters from Alice in Wonderland, Winnie the Pooh, Mary Poppins, and Pirates of the Caribbean are usually at this part of World Showcase. Canada is a more outdoor pavilion. Characters from the Disney film, Brother Bear, appear in this pavilion. The other section of Epcot is called Future World. Future World also has many pavilions. The pavilions of Future World are Spaceship Earth, Innoventions, Universe of Energy, Mission: SPACE, Test Track, The Seas with Nemo and Friends, The Land, and Imagination. The pavilions explore innovative technology. Each pavilion is sponsored by a corporation who helped fund its construction. Spaceship Earth is one of the most known and recognizable structures that the Walt Disney World Resort has. It takes guests on a time machine experience that shows advancement in human communication. It has a timeline from how humans used to be, to how they are now. A German company called Siemens sponsors Spaceship Earth. Another pavilion in Future World is Innovations which deals with advancements in everyday life. The Great Piggy Bank Adventure, Club Cool, Segway Central, and SlapStick Studios are some of the exhibits this pavilion has to offer. Universe Energy itself was the attraction. It talked about battery powered cars and natural gas, petroleum, coal, and natural gas. Mission: SPACE is a motion simulator ride; it gives off the feeling of an astronaut. Future Worlds Test Track is sponsored by General Motors. Guests can actually drive the test cars around the track. The cars maximum speed is 64.8 miles per hour. Next to Disneys Rock and Roll Roller Coaster, this is the fastest attraction Disney has made. The Seas with Nemo and Friends is a pavilion based on underwater discovery. It is the largest man-made underwater exhibit in the world. Attractions at this park include, Talk with Crush where kids can ask questions about the sea. The Land is a pavilion to show how we can use our land or destroy it. Nestle sponsors this part of Future World. The Circle of Life is performed here, from the film The Lion King. Eastman Kodak sponsors Imagination. An Attraction at Imagination is Honey I Shrunk the Audience. The four parks are similar yet different. They each have different aspects and features about them. Each park has different icons and a different set up. They are alike because they all are Disney themed and have rides, shops, and food. The Disney parks are some of the most visited parks in the world. After all of the parks are closed there is Downtown Disney. Downtown Disney is opened to the public. Downtown Disney is an outdoor shopping, dining, entertaining area. It has three sections, Pleasure Island, Marketplace, and West Side. The Marketplace has a lot of shopping places that include, Lego Imagination Center, Once upon a Toy, and Goofys Candy Company. The Marketplace has the largest Disney character store in the world. Disneys West Side has many large stores and nice restaurants. Attractions such as Planet Hollywood, The House of Blues, and Wolfgang Puck Cafà © can be found here. Outdoor beverages and food can be found at Pleasure Island. The Orlando Harley Davidson is located at Pleasure Island. Also there is a lot of dancing that goes on at this part of Downtown Disney. One of the main attractions at Downtown Disney is Disney Quest. Disney Quest is an indoor interactive theme park. It offers five floors of fun entertainment. The genie from Aladdin is the parks unofficial mascot. On the first floor the attractions are a Virtual Jungle Cruise where guests may get wet while dodging dinosaurs, and Pirates of the Caribbean where guests search for gold. The second floor features Sids Create a Toy from Toy Story where guests can make a toy then later purchase it. Radio Disney Song Maker allows guests to make a song and later purchase it. In addition to Living Easels, guests can draw something on them and later buy it. Guests can try to find the genie and collect gems on Aladdins Magic Carpet Ride. The third floor of Disney Quest contains Buzz Lightyears Astro Blaster which is bumper cars and Mighty Ducks Pinball Slam which is a giant pinball game. The fourth floor is a comic adventure. The fifth floor resembles the fourth floor. Disney Quest also has games such as Pac-Man, Donkey Kong, and many other arcade games. They also have games like skee ball and air hockey. They also have photo booths and claw machines. There are over 20 Disney themed hotels within the Walt Disney Resort. There are different categories of the hotels which include, moderate, deluxe, campgrounds, value, and club villas. Most of these hotels contain a pool, shops, variety of food, room service, arcades, and playgrounds. Disney hotels are fun themed such as Disneys All Star Movie Resort has characters from 101 Dalmatians and Toy Story. Pop Century hotel has Play-Doh and Rubiks Cube figures to show the hotels toy, catch phrase theme. All Star Sports Resort has large statues of sports like basketball or cheerleading to make guests feel the sport theme. Disneys Animal Kingdom Lodge has fun features like Pumbaas Fun Games Arcade where guests can play new and classic games. Another feature this hotel has Hakuna Matata Playground where kids can play all day next to the flamingo habitat. At Disneys campgrounds guests can go horse-back riding, fish, enjoy Mickeys Backyard Barbeque, get involved with water activities, and sing with Chip and Dale at the fire. The Disney hotels are fun and have everything in them to accommodate guests the best they can. The Walt Disney World Resort would not be here today if it wasnt for Mr. Walt Disney himself. Walt Disney has inspired many of people. Walt Disney changed the lives of many people. He changed the entertainment business. He was a magical person. He has touched the hearts of children along with adults. Who knew that by starting out drawing cartoons that Disney would have came this far! He always had a dream of owning a theme park. Walts dream came true. Walt is popular all over the world. He loved history, and slowly introduced us to the future. He is a legend of the 20th century. He won seven Emmy Awards, fifty-nine Academy Award nominations, and twenty-six Oscars. How did Walt get where he is today? Walt Disney was born on December 5, 1901. He had three brothers and one sister. In Walts younger days he would sell paintings to local people to make extra cash. Instead of doing his school work, Walt would doodle sketches. He went to college to study art and photography. At night he attended a place to better his drawing abilities. Walt always had a thing for nature and wildlife. Walt was even involved in acting. He would sneak out at night just to go perform somewhere. Walts father was somewhat stern at times. Walts mother and brother, Roy urged Walt to pursue his dreams. Walt was rejected because of young age from the military. He then went to France with the Red Cross. His ambulance had images of Disney cartoons on it. When Walt came back from France, he focused on comical art which led to animation. He produced short animations for local places. When Walt ran out of money, he packed up with The Alice Comedies and went to Hollywood. Walt married Lillian Bounds, an employee in 1925. They later had two daughters. He was not the typical Hollywood star. He didnt care for socializing; the people that knew Walt were his family. Soon after Lillian and Walt got married, Walt created Mickey Mouse. Mickey Mouse first made his appearance in Steamboat Willie. Steamboat Willie was the worlds first cartoon with sound. Walt produced the first colored cartoon known as, Flowers and Trees. Moving on, in 1937 Walt produced the first full-length animated film, Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs. This film is a classic, and is still popular today. Right after Snow White came out, an unexpected death of Walts mother took place. This was one time Walt showed emotion. Disney was hard at work and within five years he produced more full-length films such as, Pinocchio, Dumbo, and Bambi. In 1955, Disneys dream of the amusement park came true. Disneyland was opened. After it opened, Walt Disney expanded. More and more parks popped up. Walt Disney died of lung cancer December 15, 1966 right before the Walt Disney Resort was opened. Walt Disney has changed the world today. New Disney movies keep coming out. Walt Disney created something that will never end. He was a true hero.

Fuel Gauges :: essays research papers

the is cut and pasted off howstuffworks.com to get an account If you're like me, you like to squeeze every last mile you can out of your tank of fuel. If you could get 20 miles extra from each tank, that could save you two or three trips to the gas station over the course of a year. The main impediment to stretching your mileage is the fuel gauge on your car, which makes you think you have less fuel than you actually do. These devices are notoriously inaccurate, showing empty when there are gallons left in the tank and showing full for the first 50 miles. In this edition of HowStuffWorks, we'll learn why our fuel gauges behave the way they do. There are two main parts to a fuel gauge: the sender, which measures the level of fuel in the tank, and the gauge, which displays that level to the driver. First, let's see how a typical sender works. The sending unit is located in the fuel tank of the car. It consists of a float, usually made of foam, connected to a thin, metal rod. The end of the rod is mounted to a variable resistor. A resistor is an electrical device that resists the flow of electricity. The more resistance there is, the less current will flow. In a fuel tank, the variable resistor consists of a strip of resistive material connected on one side to the ground. A wiper connected to the gauge slides along this strip of material, conducting the current from the gauge to the resistor. If the wiper is close to the grounded side of the strip, there is less resistive material in the path of the current, so the resistance is small. If the wiper is at the other end of the strip, there is more resistive material in the current's path, so the resistance is large. In the sending unit, the fuel has to drop below a certain level before the float starts to drop. When the float is near the top of the tank, the wiper on the variable resistor rests close to the grounded (negative) side, which means that the resistance is small and a relatively large amount of current passes through the sending unit back to the fuel gauge. As the level in the tank drops, the float sinks, the wiper moves, the resistance increases and the amount of current sent back to the gauge decreases.

Alfred Hitchcocks Rear Window Essay examples -- Film Movies

Alfred Hitchcock's Rear Window In Rear Window, Alfred Hitchcock took a plot-driven short story and transformed it into a character-driven movie. Although differences must exist between text and film, because of the limitations and advantages of the different media, Hitchcock has done more than translate a word-based story into a visual movie. Aside from adding enough details to fill a two-hour movie, Hitchcock has done much to change the perspective of the story, as well as the main character. The novel’s Hal Jeffries, a seemingly hard-boiled and not overly intellectual man contrasts sharply with the photojournalist J.B. Jeffries of the movie. The addition of supporting characters, such as Lisa, diminishes somewhat the loneliness of the short story character. The character in the short story has more in common with Humphrey Bogart’s Sam Spade than with Jimmy Stewart’s Jeff. That Hitchcock took a story written in a style similar to Dashiell Hammett or Raymond Chandler, and cho se not to make a film noir detective story speaks much to Hitchcock’s purpose here. Rather than creating a conventional detective story, Hitchcock creates an everyman, whose injury prevents him from action. The impotence the character feels heightens the tension of the film, as well by forcing the viewers to identify with his frustration. The movie disguises the many of the darker moments with humor, a device commonly used to lessen the shock of less acceptable aspects of a story. While the story was merely the narrative of one man, the film portrays different concepts of, and stages of love, in the images of the people across the way. The story is a guiltily related narrative of one man’s voyeurism, repeatedly rationalized by him. B... ...that we, not Jeff, have been spying on the neighbors across the way. While both the story and the film contain aspects of voyeurism, as well as a physically limited character, Hitchcock’s film does more than simply add enough filler to complete a movie. He adds facets to the character not included in the story. He provides the character with a career and social life and motivation. Additionally, Hitchcock uses the visual aspects of the film to convey more about the characters. By associating Thorwald with the color red, and using light and shadow to highlight Jeff’s ambivalence about Lisa, we get hints about how we are supposed to feel about the various characters. Hitchcock has taken an adequate short story and transformed it into a fascinating and funny character study that seems to comment on the isolation of life in a modern urban environment.

Explain and assess Haidt’s ‘moral foundations’ theory

Introduction This essay will explain and assess Moral Foundations Theory (MFT), which was originally developed by Haidt, and which he has since worked on with a number of collaborators. The first part of this essay will outline the philosophical background of the theory, especially its relationship to Continental rationalism and British empiricism. This will be followed by an explanation and description of Haidt’s Social Intuitionist Model (SIM), which provides the essential mechanism by which MFT functions. Next will come an unpacking and explanation of the general claims of MFT, and the specific foundations it postulates. Finally, there will be an assessment of some of the various critiques of the theory, during which its strengths and weaknesses will be considered. It will be concluded that MFT is a strong theory on the whole, which builds on firm philosophical and scientific foundations and provides good descriptive representation of moral systems. MFT rejects the rationalist notion th at morality can be accessed by a priori reason. Put simply, there are four main justifications for this: (1) there are two cognitive processes that occur in humans – reasoning and intuition – the former of which has been overemphasized; (2) reasoning is frequently motivated by other concerns; (3) the reasoning process tends to construct post hoc justifications, even though we experience the illusion of objective reasoning; and (4) moral action covaries with moral emotion more frequently than with moral reasoning. This is the heritage of Continental philosophy, whose champions were figures such as Descartes and Kant. The philosophical forerunners to MFT were the British empiricist philosophers, especially Shaftesbury, Hutcheson, Hume, and Smith. These men believed, to quote Hume, ‘that Reason is, and ought only to be the slave of the passions, and can never pretend to any other office than to serve and obey them.’ In philosophy, this position now falls with in the school of intuitionism. This ‘refers to the view that there are moral truths and that when people grasp these truths they do so not by a process of ratiocination and reflection but rather by a process more akin to perception.’ The social element comes in because intuition occurs in relation to other people. As Haidt puts it, ‘when faced with a social demand for a verbal justification, one becomes a lawyer trying to build a case rather than a judge searching for the truth’. Based on this intellectual heritage, Haidt developed the ‘Social Intuitionist Model’ (SIM). It is important to explain this properly because the ‘SIM is the prequel to MFT’, and provides the mechanism by which the latter works. There are a series of links in the SIM that explain how people relate to moral problems. The first is the intuitive judgement link. ‘The model proposes that moral judgments appear in consciousness automatically and effortlessl y as the result of moral intuitions’. The second is post hoc reasoning. This entails moral reasoning (rather than judgement), which is an ‘effortful’ process in which individuals search for support for an existing, intuitive moral judgement. Research has revealed that ‘everyday reasoning is heavily marred by the biased search only for reasons that support one’s already-stated hypothesis.’ The third is the reasoned persuasion link. This is the process by which the individual verbalises their reasoning in an attempt to persuade others of the validity of their already-made position. This reasoning can sometimes affect the views of others, but this rarely happens because moral judgements are not based on logical arguments but on intuition. It has been hypothesised that persuasion, when it occurs, is effective because it elicits new intuitive judgements in the listener. The importance of using affective persuasion to change affectively based attitu des has been demonstrated by Edwards and von Hippel. The fourth is the social persuasion link. Due to the fact that people are so receptive to the development of group norms, ‘the mere fact that friends, allies, and acquaintances have made a moral judgment exerts a direct influence on others, even if no reasoned persuasion is used’. This may indicate only outward conformity on occasion, but researchers have shown that private judgements can often be directly influenced by the views of others. There are two additional links that are hypothesised. One is the ‘reasoned judgment link’ by which people may at times reason their way to a judgment by sheer force of logic, overriding their initial intuition’. This tends to occur, however, when the ‘initial intuition is weak and processing capacity is high’. In other cases, it frequently leads to a kind of dualist way of thinking, where reasoned judgment is revealed verbally but the intuition cont inues to operate. Interestingly, on this point MFT diverges from the moral theory of Hume and the argument from pure intuition. If this link does exists, there is no explanation of how one can reason their way to a set of premises or axioms that can be used to support logic argument – unless, of course, they reason in a circle. The other link is the ‘private reflection link’, through which moral reasoning can have an indirect causal effect on moral judgement by triggering a new intuition. This is said to be why role-taking is so effective in creating new moral judgments. As Haidt puts it, ‘Simply by putting oneself into the shoes of another person, one may instantly feel pain, sympathy, or other vicarious emotional responses.’ MFT makes several broad claims, which will be presented here in no particular order. Firstly, it rejects the assumption of monism that all moral systems are ultimately reducible to a single goal or principle, most commonly gene ralised as forms of ‘justice’, ‘pleasure’ or ‘happiness’. Instead, it is pluralist and contends that there are numerous (but finite) basic values or virtues. As Isaiah Berlin put it, ‘there is a plurality of ideals, as there is a plurality of cultures and of temperaments.’ This is derived from the fact that it is heavily influenced by evolutionary biology, especially the concepts of kin selection and reciprocal altruism. It also builds on more recent work by de Waal (1996), Ridley (1996), among others. As there are a multitude of adaptive challenges faced by human beings, it seems likely that there are also many different mental tools fitted for a variety of purposes. The second claim is intuitionism, which has already been discussed at some length. To reiterate briefly, it is the assertion that ‘moral judgments, like other evaluative judgments, tend to happen quickly’, without any considerable regard for reasoning or drawn out evaluation. This aspect is encapsulated by Haidt’s (2001) SIM. Moral reasoning (as opposed to moral judgment) is generally utilised for strategic purposes in order to ‘to explain, defend and justify our intuitive moral reactions to others’. The third claim is nativism, which is the belief that there is a set of innate predispositions within human beings (‘innate’ in this case means ‘organized in advance of experience’). These are determined by genetic inheritance, but the ‘first draft’ of moral development is malleable and is changed during childhood and to an extent even during adulthood. Graham et al. employ the metaphor of writing a book, distinguishing between nature’s ‘first draft’ and the ‘editing process’ that begins with experience. Morality, therefore, ‘is innate and highly dependent on environmental influences’. The belief that nature has installed a kind of à ¢â‚¬Ëœpreparedness’ in certain species, one of which is humans, is suggested by studies of rhesus monkeys conducted by Mineka and Cook (1988). Graham et al. (2012) ‘think of this innate organization as being implemented by sets of related modules which work together to guide and constrain responses to each particular problem.’ The final claim is that morality is influenced by cultural learning. This takes places through a set of ‘learning modules’, which are innate and can be used to build on one’s genetic inheritance. For example, the tendency to bow in deference or respect is common to many cultures, but this is adapted to locally-specific cultural contexts and by ‘the time a Hindu girl reaches adulthood, she will have developed culturally-specific knowledge that makes her automatically initiate bowing movements when she encounters, say, a respected politician for the first time.’ In an American household, however, this foundati on might be dropped early on. Despite both girls starting off with the ‘same sets of universal learning modules†¦.the universal (and incomplete) first draft of the moral mind gets filled in and revised so that the child can successfully navigate the moral â€Å"matrix† he or she actually experiences.’ Different societies use different foundations to build their moralities, and some use all of them. MFT, therefore, is an intuitionist theory contending that human moral systems are the combination of innate predispositions and cultural learning. Additionally, judgements are made rapidly on the basis of a plurality of in-built mechanisms, which have been ‘hardwired’ into humans over the course of our species’ evolution. The rest of this essay will present, explain, and assess, in no particular order, the specific foundations postulated by MFT. There are supposedly five or six empirically supported ‘foundations’ for moral judgemen ts, but MFT allows for others being discovered in the future. The first is the care/harm foundation. Human offspring ‘are unusually dependent, and for an unusually long time’ and the intuitive reactions of females have been ‘optimized to detect signs of suffering, distress, or neediness’ for the purpose of raising more offspring. ‘The original triggers of the Care/harm foundation are ‘visual and auditory signs of suffering, distress, or neediness expressed by one’s own child’, but they can be activated by other children, baby animals, stuffed toys with childlike qualities, or descriptions of suffering. This foundation leads to the creation of terms such as ‘kind’ and ‘cruel’, which are valued differently by different cultures (e.g., classical Sparta vs. Buddhist societies). The second is the fairness/cheating foundation. Social animals face non-zero-sum games in which it is advantageous to cooperate. Creat ures ‘whose minds are organized in advance of experience to be highly sensitive to evidence of cheating and cooperation, and to react with emotions that compel them to play â€Å"tit for tat†, had an advantage over those who had to figure out their next move using their general intelligence.’ Social partners with reputations for certain types of behaviour are therefore labelled with words such as ‘fair’, ‘just’, and ‘trustworthy’. The third is the loyalty/betrayal foundation. It was advantageous for our ancestors to form cohesive groups when competing for territory and resources. This same behaviour can be seen in troops of chimpanzees. So humans have developed an innate predisposition to form groups. This manifests today in numerous areas, from nationalism to sports and brand loyalty. The fourth is the authority/subversion foundation. Dominance hierarchies are common among many primates, and the ability to recognise and rea ct by forming strategic relationships yielded an evolutionary advantage. Modules of the human mind in this foundation explain why we submit to many useful but constraining societal structures, such as the police force and political leaders. The varied development of this foundation explains why different societies (modern-day China vs. America) or groups (social conservatives vs. liberals) value authority in different ways. The fifth is the sanctity/degradation foundation. Human evolution carried adaptive challenges, such as moving from tree-based to ground-based living, living in larger, denser groups, and eating more meat, some of which was scavenged. This exposed us to a greater number of pathogens and parasites, and we therefore developed a pre-emptory, in-built sensitivity to factors other than the ‘sensory properties of potential foods, friends, and mates.’ ‘Disgust and the behavioral immune system have come to undergird a variety of moral reactions, e.g., t o immigrants and sexual deviants’ There are numerous criticisms of MFT, most of which are directed at one of the four main claims undergirding it: nativism, plurality, cultural learning, and intuitionism. One problem with nativism, for example, is that it is difficult to determine the extent to which the mind is ‘hardwired’. As Graham et al., put it: ‘opinions range widely from minimalist positions, which say that there is hardly any writing on the â€Å"first draft† of the mind, to maximalist positions such as massive modularity’ Indeed, the ambiguity here has led some to criticise MFT, and nativism in general, on the grounds that it lacks empirical neuroscientific evidence for the existence of modules. However, this is not reasonable at present. Given that the field is yet to ‘find a set of genes that, collectively, explains 5% of the variance in how tall people are what chance is there that anyone will find a set of genes that code fo r mental modules (such as loyalty or sanctity) whose expression is far more subject to cultural influence than is height?’ There is also considerable criticism of the emphasis MFT places on intuitionism. For example, some argue ‘that that intuition and reasoning are best seen as partners in a dance, in which either partner can lead and the other will follow.’ However, whatever the prominent role of reason, this seems misleading at the very least. As has been referenced already in this essay, and as Hume showed in his Treatise, it is not clear how reason can establish the first principles from which logical argument follows. Moral axioms cannot be given a logical foundation, and to the extent that they exist in nature and are ‘hardwired’, they cannot be expressed. Therefore, they are beyond realm of reason by their very nature. To say that reasoning can lead when it is necessarily guided by intuitive first principles is therefore unsupportable. Intere sting critiques come from the monists, who disagree with the pluralism hypothesis. Gray et al. believe that the care/harm foundation is the only one that is truly foundational. Graham et al. (2012) call this Procrustean, citing the fact that certain moral judgements, such as disgust, appear not to be accounted for by the care/harm foundation. Their confidence in this matter, however, is arguably misplaced. Disgust over, say, a dirty environment could be seen as a cause of harm. Perhaps those creatures with a predisposition to avoid unclean environments encountered fewer pathogens, for example, or were at less risk of being exposed to small but dangerous creatures such as spiders and snakes. Clearly, emotions, such as disgust, can potentially be explained by the care/harm foundation. The difficulty here arises in attempting to make bold comment about the way our ancestors perceived the links between various phenomena and their effects. While it is possible to argue that matters of di sgust have little to do with harm, perhaps there is link that has not yet been discovered. Some critics suggest that there should also be an oppression/liberty foundation. This is the potential sixth foundation being worked on by Haidt. Others point to the fact that MFT might be missing a waste/inefficiency foundation. These critiques focus on the particular pluralisms chosen for MFT. This is really a matter of fine-tuning, rather than any fundamental. This essay has sought to explain and assess Haidt’s MTF. It has emerged that its central claims are extremely well-founded. The SIM has strong roots that date back to the empirical tradition in Britain and which still have not been successfully overturned. With the developments in psychology, neuroscience, and evolutionary biology, both intuitionism and nativism rest on firm foundations. There are philosophical and other objections that can be targeted at the pluralism element of MFT. This is not to say that it is incorrect but rather that the confidence with which the claim is made is not justified. This essay has not sought to address deontological critiques of the MFT. There are those who would argue that MFT is asking the wrong questions, namely what morality is rather than what it should be. However, given that this problem was so adequately dealt with by Hume in his Treatise, it seems appropriate that scholars building on his legacy should develop a descriptive moral theory instead. Bibliography Berlin, Isaiah, ‘My intellectual path’ in H. Hardy (ed.), The Power of Ideas 1-23, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2001 Bruner, Jerome, The process of education, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1960 Davis, Jody L.., & Rusbult, Caryl, E. ‘Attitude alignment in close relationships’, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81 (2001), pp. 65-84 Edwards, Kari., & von Hippel, William, ‘Hearts and minds: The priority of affective versus cognitive factors in person perception’, Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 21 (1995), pp. 996-1011. 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