Gullivers Travels Swifts Opinions Of The English Essay

After being washed ashore and then falling asleep, Lemuel Gulliver awakens to find himself tied firmly to the ground. In confusion, Gulliver hears noises and feels an object move about on his chest. He looks down and accounts, I perceived it to be a human creature not six inches high, with a bow and an arrow in his hands and a quiver at his back (6). Imaginative stories, such as the one with the small human creature, are parts of the classic piece of literature Gullivers Travels . The many humorous stories in Gullivers Travels have appealed to audiences of all ages since the book was written in the early eighteenth century by Jonathan Swift, a political writer (xvii). Gullivers Travels is written as Lemuel Gullivers†¦show more content†¦The small immoral Lilliputians represent a part of the English government that Swift opposes. In Part two, Gulliver discovers a race of giants in a place called Brobdingnag. Now, Gulliver appears to be the six inch man, much like the Lilliputians appeared to him. Gulliver, close to death, is rescued by the king and queen of Brobdingnag, and shortly after Gulliver says, I already found my spirits to revive by the influence of her [majestys] most august presence (108). Gulliver lives a life of comfort in the court, where he spends much of his time talking with the king. To the reader, the king seems to be a fair and humane ruler, characteristic of socialistic rulers. In this part of Gullivers Travels , the Brobdingnagians appear to represent the English people, and many of these people were socialistic during this time. Socialistic people are fair, and their governments are community oriented, much like the Brobdingnagians. The box in which Gulliver lives is one day unexpectedly kidnapped by a bird. This bird drops Gulliver into the sea, where he is later found by an English ship. He returns home, and before long he goes back to sea. In the third part of Gullivers Travels , Gulliver again becomes stranded. This time, however, Gulliver encounters a flying island called Laputa. The inhabitants of Laputa have one eye turned inward and the one eye turnedShow MoreRelatedJonathan Swift s True Purpose1067 Words   |  5 PagesMrs.Hofler MYP English 2 20 November 2014 Jonathan Swift’s True Purpose Happy adventure tale, wonderful children’s book, filth, and absurd were just a few words that people during the 17th century used to describe Gulliver’s Travels. During the 17th century there was a period of new ideas and creativity; that period was called the Reformation. The Reformation period was a time of change for how people interpreted the world around them. The opinions of Gulliver’s Travels were based off ofRead MoreGullivers Travels1043 Words   |  5 PagesGullivers Travels INTRODUCTION Gullivers Travels (1726, amended 1735), officially Travels into Several Remote Nations of the World, in Four Parts. By Lemuel Gulliver, is a novel by Irish writer and clergyman Jonathan Swift .This novel is considered both a satire on human nature and a parody of the â€Å"fictional travelogues’ tales literary sub-genre. It is Swifts best known full-length work, and a classic of English literature. The book became tremendously popular as soon as it was publishedRead MoreGovernment Satire Then and Now Essay1592 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"progress† of government throughout time. Accompanying the blunders of government officials were the opinions of the people it served, which included critical assessment and much jest. The struggles of their leaders often sparked much satire of the institution itself and aspects of its’ imperfection. The most notable satirical account of government was made by Jonathan Swift in 1726 with his novel Gulliver’s Travels followed by common satire in contemporary culture on television shows such as Saturday NightRead MoreGullivers Travels by Jonathan Swift1367 Words   |  6 PagesWhen Jonathan Swift published his novel Gulliver’s Travels in 1726, it immediately became a success and continues to be popular even today. The range of different topics addressed in his sardonic novel allows readers to easily relate, as many of the issues of Swift’s time during the Enlightenment remain relevant issues. As Swift wrote in another satirical piece The Battle of the Books, â€Å"Satyr is a sort of Glass, wherein Beholders do generall discover every body’s Faces but their Own.† The EnlightenmentRead MoreA Classic Filled With Energy And Controversy2290 Words   |  10 Pageswhen creating his famous novel, Gulliver’s Travels. Swift made this novel because he loved writing satire as well as making fun of politicians. In the eighteenth century, he was an Irish clergyman who opposed the British Parliament’s ideas and despised their increasing power over the common people. The idea of Gulliver’s Travels came about and Swift wanted to show the English people that their government was becoming overpowering and corrupt. Gulliver’s Travels is an adventurous story of a manRead MoreSummary Of Gullivers Travels And A Modest Proposal1450 Words   |  6 PagesAnalysis of Gullivers Travels and A Modest Proposal: Satire Authors often use satire to ridicule peoples behaviors or societys institutions, with hopes of bringing social change. One of the most influential satirical authors of all time is Jonathan Swift, who uses these techniques so effectively, that he has been called â€Å"the greatest satirist in the English Language† (Holt 620). Swift’s use of satire to address controversial concerns is one of the reasons this story is still relevant and analyzedRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book Gulliver s Travels 1581 Words   |  7 Pages​Quite obviously, Lemuel Gulliver is the most focused on character in Jonathan Swift’s novel Gulliver’s Travels, as he is the most characteristically developed. Gulliver is from a middle-class English family and we see all angles of his personality, his morals, and his behavior through the various situations he finds himself in and his observable conduct and the actions he choses to take in those situations. Gulliver learned a lot thro ughout his many journeys, and this leads him to realize more aboutRead MoreThe Downfall And Vice As A Tale Of A Tub And The Battle Of The World Essay2058 Words   |  9 PagesThe prominence of Jonathon Swift and his work is undeniable in the Eighteenth Century. Swift’s emergence into the literary world was spurned on by writing about politics and religion with his strong opinions and wit. Other famous works by Swift include A Tale of a Tub and The Battle of the Books based on the corruptions in religion and learning at the time. Swift’s works in literature were often written to further a cause or reaction. The idea of the antagonising satirist is reiterated in a conversationRead MoreSatire in Jonathan Swift ´s Gullivers Travels1944 Words   |  8 PagesJonathan Swift produced one of the most printed novels known to date. The novel, Gulliver’s Travels, not only received recognition for being reprinted an immense amount of time, but also for the satire found w ithin the novel. Swift intended his novel to be used as a scapegoat in which he would reveal his opinion on the English society. Swift was able to demonstrate this satire through the four part plot of Gulliver’s Travels. Each part of the novel told the journey of the protagonist and focal characterRead MoreSwift s Take On Europe1173 Words   |  5 PagesJacob Terry Mrs. Castleberry AP English IV October 13, 2014 Swift’s Take on Europe In Gulliver’s Travels, Jonathan Swift becomes a master of irony and metaphors, which were used to take a stab and voice his opinion of people themselves in general, and the European government at the time. Jonathan utilizes irony, symbolism, and imagery to satirize Europe and the corruption of their government. He incorporates these literary devices into an entertaining story that doesn’t bore the reader, but allows

Kill A Mockingbird By Harper Lee - 913 Words

To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee is based on a time in the south during the 1930 s. This is a time during the Civil Rights Movement and slavery. The story is looked through the eyes of a girl name Scout Finch. She lives with her brother, Jem; her family housekeeper and cook, Calpurnia and father, Atticus. Atticus is a attorney that tries to get a black man freed of being accused of a unfair rape that he is charged with. Boo Radley is one of the mockingbirds the book talks about, and he ends up saving Scout and Jem s lives. There are several way s the author used Atticus Finch to represent a good person and father. His character shows, you don’t always have to follow the crowd. For instance, he is always a man of his word, and he s a great father to his two children. Atticus always treats everyone equally. He doesn’t look for color and teaches his children they should not either. Finally, he does what he believes is right, and not always what people expect him to do. The book shows many different reasons why Atticus is an amazing man and father to his children. For example, on page 118, Lee says Our father didn’t do anything... anything that could possibly arouse the admiration of anyone. Atticus is man that would never do anything to make people think he could not be trusted. He is a man of his word, and is honorable. He s never given his family a reason to think he could do anything wrong. Atticus has not lied to them, and has been completely trustworthy. TheyShow MoreRelatedKill A Mockingbird By Harper Lee1049 Words   |  5 PagesTo Kill a Mockingbird: How a Story could be based on True Events in Everyday LifeDaisy GaskinsCoastal Pines Technical Collegeâ€Æ'Harper Lee was born in Monroeville, Alabama. Her father was a former newspaper editor and proprietor, who had served as a state senator and practiced as a lawyer in Monroeville. Also Finch was known as the maiden name of Lee’s mother. With that being said Harper Lee becam e a writer like her father, but she became a American writer, famous for her race relations novel â€Å"ToRead MoreTo Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee1000 Words   |  4 Pagesworld-wide recognition to the many faces of prejudice is an accomplishment of its own. Author Harper Lee has had the honor to accomplish just that through her novel, To Kill a Mockingbird, a moving and inspirational story about a young girl learning the difference between the good and the bad of the world. In the small town of Monroeville, Alabama, Nelle Harper Lee was born on April 28, 1926. Growing up, Harper Lee had three siblings: two sisters and an older brother. She and her siblings grew up modestlyRead MoreKill A Mockingbird By Harper Lee1290 Words   |  6 PagesHarper Lee published To Kill a Mockingbird during a rough period in American history, also known as the Civil Rights Movement. This plot dives into the social issues faced by African-Americans in the south, like Tom Robinson. Lee felt that t he unfair treatment towards blacks were persistent, not coming to an end any time in the foreseeable future. This dark movement drove her to publish this novel hopeful that it would encourage the society to realize that the harsh racism must stop. Lee effectivelyRead MoreKill A Mockingbird By Harper Lee873 Words   |  4 PagesIn the book, To Kill a Mockingbird, Harper Lee illustrates that â€Å"it’s a sin to kill a mockingbird† throughout the novel by writing innocent characters that have been harmed by evil. Tom Robinson’s persecution is a symbol for the death of a mockingbird. The hunters shooting the bird would in this case be the Maycomb County folk. Lee sets the time in the story in the early 1950s, when the Great Depression was going on and there was poverty everywhere. The mindset of people back then was that blackRead MoreKill A Mockingbird By Harper Lee963 Words   |  4 Pagesgrowing up, when older characters give advice to children or siblings.Grow ing up is used frequently in the novel To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee. Harper Lee uses the theme growing up in To Kill a Mockingbird to change characters opinion, develop characters through their world, and utilizes prejudice to reveal growing up. One major cause growing up is used in To Kill a Mockingbird is to represent a change of opinion. One part growing up was shown in is through the trial in part two of the novelRead MoreKill A Mockingbird By Harper Lee1052 Words   |  5 PagesTo Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee takes place in Maycomb County, Alabama in the late 30s early 40s , after the great depression when poverty and unemployment were widespread throughout the United States. Why is the preconception of racism, discrimination, and antagonism so highly related to some of the characters in this book? People often have a preconceived idea or are biased about one’s decision to live, dress, or talk. Throughout To Kill a Mockingbird, Harper Lee examines the preconceptionRead MoreHarper Lee and to Kill a Mockingbird931 Words   |  4 PagesHarper Lee and her Works Harper Lee knew first hand about the life in the south in the 1930s. She was born in Monroeville, Alabama in 1926 (Castleman 2). Harper Lee was described by one of her friends as Queen of the Tomboys (Castleman 3). Scout Finch, the main character of Lees Novel, To Kill a Mockinbird, was also a tomboy. Many aspects of To Kill a Mockingbird are autobiographical (Castleman 3). Harper Lees parents were Amasa Coleman Lee and Frances Finch Lee. She was the youngestRead MoreKill A Mockingbird By Harper Lee1695 Words   |  7 PagesIn To Kill a Mockingbird Harper Lee presents as a ‘tired old town’ where the inhabitants have ‘nowhere to go’ it is set in the 1930s when prejudices and racism were at a peak. Lee uses Maycomb town to highlight prejudices, racism, poverty and social inequality. In chapter 2 Lee presents the town of Maycomb to be poverty stricken, emphasised through the characterisation of Walter Cunningham. When it is discovered he has no lunch on the first day of school, Scout tries to explain the situation to MissRead MoreKill A Mockingbird By Harper Lee1876 Words   |  8 PagesThough Harper Lee only published two novels, her accomplishments are abundant. Throughout her career Lee claimed: the Presidential Medal of Freedom, Pulitzer Prize for Fiction, Goodreads Choice Awards Best Fiction, and Quill Award for Audio Book. Lee was also inducted into the American Academy of Arts and Letters. This honor society is a huge accomplishment and is considered the highest recognition for artistic talent and accomplishment in the United States. Along with these accomplishments, herRead MoreKill A Mockingbird, By Harper Lee1197 Words   |  5 Pagessuch as crops, houses, and land, and money was awfully limited. These conflicts construct Harper Lee’s novel, To Kill a Mocking Bird. In To Kill a Mocking Bird, Lee establishes the concurrence of good and evil, meaning whether people are naturally good or naturally evil. Lee uses symbolism, characterization, and plot to portray the instinctive of good and evil. To Kill a Mocking Bird, a novel by Harper Lee takes place during the 1930s in the Southern United States. The protagonist, Scout Finch,

Information System For Business

Question: Case Study: Information System for Business. Answer: Information system plays a vital role in determining the advanced business world. The information technology also helps the small business toward implementing various strategies that help in the development of the individual as a whole within the business (Black and Lynch 2012). The information technology within the business helps in improving the efficiency and effectiveness of the employees within the company as a whole. The information system within the company also helps the employees to complete the assigned task within the short span of time. This helps the company further to improve the quality of the productivity and helps the company to increase the growth rate of the company in the market. The EEI (Excellent Education International) implements effective information system helps the business to develop the manual system and thus help the company to develop the individual productivity as well. The information system also helps the business in operating efficiently across the branches (Melville et al. 2012). The operating system also helps the management of files and thus helps in saving time with maximum efficiency in the quality of production as well. The effective implementation of strategy helps the business to expand its business and also help to increase the rate of profitability as a whole in the international market. This helps the business towards the advancement and development of the corporate in the long-run. The various effective information systems that might be beneficial towards the small business include systems that are beneficial at various level: Executive Information system (EIS) This helps the higher authorities within the business by providing informational data which further helps in strategic planning and effective decision making within the business (Bridge and O'Neill 2012). It helps to analyse the date and also helps to save time as well. The higher authorities thus get help towards the advanced strategic planning which helps the company as a whole in gaining profitability in the competitive market. Management Information System (MIS) The MIS helps the employees in assessing the data and also helps in processing, storing and collecting the data which help the company at various levels towards the development (Frame et al. 2012). The management system also helps in the information collection and thus helps the company to secure the confidentiality of the company as well. Decision Support Systems (DSS) The DSS system is used by the middle-level managers within the small business which help the company to computerize the data that supports the business in decision making (Lawson and Samson 2012). This helps to run the business smoothly in the market. The system thus helps in planning and increasing the growth rate of the company as a whole in comparison to the technological market. Transaction Processing System (TPS) The TPS is a logical based system which helps the business in modifying the data and storing and retrieving the data which further helps the business to avoid problems in consistency as well (Anderson and Katz 2012). The system thus helps in the sustainability of the company as a whole. Opportunities of EEI: The opportunities of the EEI are to provide services in international education and also help in providing overseas educational options as well. The opportunities also help the employees within the workplace to provide with the commission for the referral from the universities (Weske 2012). The EEI also provide opportunities to the new employees at the peak times which further helps the employees to improve the efficiency and also help the company to increase the rate of profit margin in the international market. The opportunities of EEI also help the students to get the service without payment to the company and also help in the development of the company as well. The opportunities thus also help in the employees to get motivated towards the company and thus help in increasing the profitability of the company in the international market as well. Problems Related to EEI: The problems that are faced by EEI are that the employee needs to work manually within the workplace which may affect the efficiency of productivity (Olson and Staley 2012). It also affects the employee with consumption of time and thus affects the business regarding efficiency and productivity in comparison to the competitive market. The problems of the EEI also led the company to suffer inefficiency of the employees regarding file management which affect the profitability of the company as a whole. The problems also affect the quality of the productivity of the company which further led the company to suffer a setback in the international scenario (Muller 2012). 3. Required Information of EEI: The EEI business needs to implement effective information strategy which helps the employees within the workplace to collect the data in the system that help the business to avoid any conflicts or time issues (Olson and Staley 2012). The information required maintaining a data base that helps the company to expands its business and thus help in further development towards the advanced technological world. The information also needed within the EEI regarding security which helps the company to maintain the confidentiality of the company and thus help the company towards the technological development as well. Information towards the EEI competitive position: The EEI with the implementation of the effective information system helps the employee to increase the productivity within the short span of time (Muller 2012). It also helps the employee to improve the efficiency and thus help in improving the quality of productivity as well. The information also provides the employee with the management of various vertical that help the company towards the development as well. It also helps the employee to improve the potentiality of the employee and thus help in motivating the employees more towards the company as a whole. This helps the employee development and thus helps in the organizational development as well (Olson and Staley 2012). The information thus helps the company towards the technological development and also helps in increase in the growth of the company as well. The development of the information thus helps the employee towards the improved productivity and also helps the company in gaining sustainability in the international marke t. The major obstacle on the path of expansion for EEI would be managing the information and data base across sites and minimize the time consumed in searching for certain information. EEI would require integration of the transaction processing system, management information system, decision support system and executive information system. Transaction Processing System would enhance EEIs operations and would solve the everyday crisis of investing ample amount of time on the search of information. Transaction Processing System would enable the staff to enter the data in the automated tracking system and the system would process the data and would provide the required outputs. The everyday transaction would be kept in one place and would help in accessing the data. Management information system would enable a smooth functioning of the EEI in management level system which includes the middle management officers. The stringently structured information would allow the managers evaluate and analyse the performance of the organisation in comparison to its competitors. Executive information system strengthen the operations among peter and Philip as they the high level executive who formulate strategies for EEI. This system helps in locating the long term trends, analysing the current environment of the organizations operations and to formulation the suitable plan of action for Philip after the implementation of the system. Decision support system enables the managerial staff to integrate the knowledge obtained by the integration of the system. This system would enable the managers of EEI to interact and eliminate the unstructured issues within EEI. The exchange of information across site would be established through this system. The system provides the access to information, assist with analytical tools and control the unknown stimuli. It would equip EEI to predict the possible future and avoid critical issues. The main purpose of EEI at the present situation is to expand its territory and go beyond the periphery it exists at present. To go beyond the circumference it deals, EEI has to incorporate the information technology that best suits the requirement of the organization. Internet is a global system of interconnected computer network that enable the organization to connect with the rest of the world and enhance the exchange of information. The incorporation of the use of internet would enable EEI to connect with its clients and shareholders and exchange adequate form of information through the use internet. Internet is no regulated by any authority thus the privacy of the organization is not compromised yet the content on the network can be accessed by everyone connected with the network. It has wide expanse in which the largest number of people and devises can be connected. Intranet is a private kind of network that is specifically focused to an organization that enables the exchange of information within the organization. It is regulated by the organization thus the privacy of EEI would not be compromised and all the members connected with in the network would be able to access the content and no outside source would be able to access the information. Extranet is private network that uses public network to share information with suppliers and vendors. Extranet would enable EEI to connect the shareholders and the clients and the other organizations that work with EEI. The network is thus regulated by multiple organizations. The content on the network would be accessible to all the members of the organization and external members who have access to the network. The implementation of the internet, intranet and extranet would enhance the exchange information within EEI and with the other parties involved with EEI. Change management is a very important factor that EEI has to consider to cope with the massive change that the organization is planning to go through. There are various factors that come under the umbrella of change management to be considered to successfully implement the change that EEI is planning to achieve. EEI would need to understand the nuances of the changes that would accompany the implementation of the information that would improve the working experience of the office in the long run. However in the present EEI would face trouble during the adapting the change. While the data base has to be converted from manual to electronic form the offices would face operational issue for the time being. Thus EEI should focus on the day to day operations in such a way that the installation of the information technology wont be any issue for the operations. The project management is also a crucial part of the change management because it would enable the smooth conversion of the data. The integration of the change control system is a major factor that would enable the project manager to understand the situation and act according to requirements of the situation. The project manager needs to evaluate the situation and schedule the change control system according to EEI without affecting the operations of the staff. Integrated change control strategy would enable the project manager to consider the factors like scope, schedule, costs, quality, human resource required to deliver the work, communication has to be established with Philips and other stakeholders to convey the issues that might crop up and procurement of the facilities that are required to bring in the change. The project manager would need to analyse the situation to adapt with the change and provide best services that would enable EEI to adapt with the change. The project manager would need to train the staff to understand the differences they are going notices after the installation of the information system and adapt with the challenges that would accompany the use of the new technology. Due to implementation of the new information technology there might crop up security and ethical issues issue. There are two main aspects of the information system regarding the security. Security of the information technology that has been used from the malicious cyber attacks that intend to illegally break into the system to access private information or gain control of the internal system. Another aspect is the security of the data that ensures the integrity of the data in times of critical issues. EEI has to ensure the security of the information and data of the company and the individual data base of the staff and the clients. EEI needs to prevent the unauthorized systems or individuals from infringing the system. Maintaining and assuring the accuracy and consistency of data over its entire life cycle. EEI requires ensuring the computing system, the security controls used to protect it and the communication channels used to access the information and the correct functioning of the system all the time consequently the availability of the information maximizes. The ethical issues that crop up in the implementation of the information system: as it brings along a lot of social changes that pose threat to the existing dissemination of money, power, obligation and rights. The four principles that serve as the basic ethical foundation are the proportionality that suggests that the good must overweight any potential harm or risk and must not abide by other alternatives that might threat or comparable benefits with less harm or risk. The informed consent used be acquired and be informed of the potential threat that might affect EEI and its staff. Justice and fair distribution of the burdens and benefits of technology should be achieved. Minimization of the unnecessary risk has to be achieved or else it would be considered as an unethical practice. Reference List Anderson, M.G. and Katz, P.B., 2012. Strategic sourcing.The International Journal of Logistics Management,9(1), pp.1-13. Black, S.E. and Lynch, L.M., 2012. How to compete: the impact of workplace practices and information technology on productivity.Review of Economics and statistics,83(3), pp.434-445. Bridge, S. and O'Neill, K., 2012.Understanding enterprise: Entrepreneurship and small business. Palgrave Macmillan, 22(1), pp.28 Frame, W.S., Srinivasan, A. and Woosley, L., 2012. The effect of credit scoring on small-business lending.Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, pp.813-825. Lawson, B. and Samson, D., 2012. Developing innovation capability in organisations: a dynamic capabilities approach.International journal of innovation management,5(03), pp.377-400. Melville, N., Kraemer, K. and Gurbaxani, V., 2012. Review: Information technology and organizational performance: An integrative model of IT business value.MIS quarterly,28(2), pp.283-322. Muller, E., 2012.Innovation interactions between knowledge-intensive business services and small and medium-sized enterprises: an analysis in terms of evolution, knowledge and territories(Vol. 11). Springer Science Business Media, 12(1), pp.38-42. Olson, D.L. and Staley, J., 2012. Case study of open-source enterprise resource planning implementation in a small business.Enterprise Information Systems,6(1), pp.79-94. Weske, M., 2012.Business process management: concepts, languages, architectures. Springer Science Business Media, 12(1), pp.32-38.

World War I And Canada Essays - , Term Papers

World War I and Canada World War I, a terrifying ordeal that robbed 25 million humans of their lives, began on August 3, 1914. On this date Germany invaded Belgium, and when Britain moved to defend Belgium World War I had begun. Canada, a member of the British Empire, was now legally at war with Britain. The Canadian government was not consulted about going to war. Many Canadians were strong supporters of the British at this time and proudly went to war by choice. However Francophone Canadians were not interested in fighting for a British affair that had nothing to do with Canadian interests. In 1918 the horror that many countries had been facing for years finally ceased. The League of Nations was formed to prevent the atrocities of war from occurring again. This organization failed miserably when in 1939 Germany invaded Poland, causing England and France to declare war on Germany. World War II had been instigated. One week later Canada also declared war, for support for Britain was still strong in the country. This six year war resulted in the deaths of 14 million people. Many believe that Canada's involvement in both World Wars I and II, was unnecessary. During these 10 years of fighting (both World Wars) 101700 Canadians were killed or missing. The loss of these lives is one that could never been replaced. Both wars cost the Canadian government 23 billion dollars, putting Canada into great debt. Also, the unity crisis created by conscription1 has been yet another damage to a country that has been through war. Individuals who are opposed to Canadian involvement in both World Wars place the value of life above freedom, rights, and inhumanity to man. Others feel Canada's past involvement in World Wars I and II acted as substantial steps to Canada's independence from Britain. The world wars were events in history that helped society move towards excepting women's performances of different roles in society, made Canada a reputable country, set standards of religious freedom and equality, and increased agricultural production by 40%. Canada's involvement in both World Wars was vital to Canada's independence and today's constant effort for world peace. The Great War (W.W.I) created many problems that have made Canada's involvement in the war seem trivial. Conscription2 was introduced when there were not enough volunteers in Canada to replace those killed or wounded. This was aimed mostly at Quebecers and French Canadians, who shared the common belief that Canadians should not be endangered because of connections to Britain. Many English speaking Canadians viewed this opposition to conscription as unpatriotic. In Quebec, conscription became a symbol for the tyranny of the English-speaking majority. The bitter feelings caused by conscription created a unity crisis in Canada that is still evident today. The first world war cost Canada 3 billion dollars. This exceeded the federal budget by six times what was usually spent. The first income tax was introduced to help pay for this debt. World War II was a slightly more expensive ordeal, costing Canada 20 billion dollars. Many argue that this money could have been used to make Canada a more prosperous country, and income tax could have been prevented. The largest and most irreplaceable loss from any war is loss of life. Billions of children grew up in the war era without fathers, brothers, and grandfathers. Other children were never given the chance to meet their fathers before they were slaughtered in trench warfare or taken prisoner. Husbands, sons, and other loved ones were taken from innocent citizens by the most extreme act of hate and misunderstanding; war. The cliche ?In every cloud there is a silver lining? applies to both world wars. Before W.W.I Canada was a member of the British Empire and had no control over foreign policy. W.W.I proved that Canada was not just made up of pawns to fight for Britain. The unity crisis created by conscription showed that Canada was developing a separate culture, with different sovereignty related beliefs. After W.W.I prime minister Sir Robert Borden demanded that Canada have it's own seat at the Versailles peace conference in 1919 and later with the League of Nations. Canada was beginning to prove itself capable of independence. In 1931 the statute of Westminister granted Canada control over foreign policy. Eight years later Canada entered W.W.II one week after Britain's declaration of war to prove that Canada was no longer controlled by Britain. Over the years Canada gained more independence from Britain until finally in 1982, Canada patriated our

Film History Essay

Film History Essay Film History Essay Jeff Merrick Film History 2: ONLINE Rutsky 3/14/13 Mid-Term Examination PART 1 1) Jean-Pierre Melville 2) Pier Paolo Pasolini 3) Glauber Rocha 4) Robert Bresson 5) Michelangelo Antonioni 6) Kenji Mizoguchi 7) Luis Bunel 8) Ingmar Bergman 9) Ousmane Semebene 10) Yasujiro Ozu PART 2 1) Cinerama 2) Cinema Novo 3) The 400 Blows (1959) 4) After their promise to be set free was broken the slaves rebel and are then all hunted down and killed, besides one slave who escapes. 5) His job is to put up posters. 6) †¦going to see the train. 7) Rashamon (1950) 8) †¦the judge. 9) A groit is a West African historian/storyteller. 10) It was a film critic magazine in France that was formed in 1951 by Andre Bazin. Their ‘la politique des Auteurs’ theories would eventually form into the ‘Auteur theory. ‘ PART 3 1) Important factors that helped the film industry in Japan and Hollywood were by using a similar film industry, primarily the concept of 'vertical integration'. Creating large studio systems and solidifying bases of distribution and exhibition provided the necessary profit to increase their production values and simply create more films. Vertical integration allowed for fewer, larger companies control the market and gain very large profits while also containing their profits to themselves. Along with Japan and the US’s large movie-going populations, Japan even larger than the US, eventually drove up the demand for films. In an ongoing cycle countries like Japan and the US were able to solidify a steady stream of films, pushing their limits as they go and successfully dominating the world film industry. 3) New Wave and New Cinema changed the face of the film industry because a new generation of faces were starting to emerge. The generation of the ‘Baby Boomers’ were starting to come of age during the 60’s and 70’s and began making films by the youth, for the youth. Tired with the fantasies of Hollywood, the perpetuating myths that movies can make, young filmmakers such as Glauber Rocha, the influential Brazilian filmmaker and creator of Cinema Novo, focused more on social themes that focused more on the real people. No longer was cinema mainly utilized as a medium of entertainment, like a majority of films just prior to WW2, but now film was utilized as a tool for social change. Young filmmakers were aimed at addressing themes that reflected the youth and the counterculture. In light of these new artistic directions in cinema a whole new wave of young viewers started to shape the new face of cinema away from the voyeurism of Hollywood. 5) Hitchcock’s film The Trouble with Harry (1955) serves as a metaphor of life in the 50’s because the film very beautifully and softly shot, however the underlining events are much more sinister and dark and suggests that the tranquility of the 50’s is a faà §ade. The 50’s marked a high point in American hysteria with the fear of communism and the fear of nuclear war. The 50’s also marked a critical era of TV, shows like Leave it to Beaver that represent America as a happy, structured and fruitful society and left out many, if not all, important social problems of the time. The Trouble with Harry plays with a similar tranquil and innocent representation of society on the surface, while gun shots and dead bodies pulls the audience out of the faà §ade and presents the social problems of society that TV simply ignores. PART 4 1) The Paramount Decision primarily ended block booking, where theaters were given a required ‘block’ of films they had to show. With block booking there really isn’t much competition in what films receive attention and which ones do not, because they are exhibited at a standard rate controlled by the film companies. The end of block-booking now allowed for a larger field of competition between what kinds of films were made, Independent films and Hollywood films. No longer could the film companies simply slap together a

5 Sentences with Problematic Parallelism in Lists

5 Sentences with Problematic Parallelism in Lists 5 Sentences with Problematic Parallelism in Lists 5 Sentences with Problematic Parallelism in Lists By Mark Nichol It’s too bad you can’t eat grammatical errors or use them to fill your gas tank, because they’re a cheap, endlessly renewable resource. Here’s a five-course meal of sentences with troublesome structure, starting with dessert. 1. â€Å"The writer will sit, eat, and interview the subject.† It seems more logical for the writer to interview the subject after being seated but before eating him or her, but whatever. If the intended meaning of the statement is that the writer will dine with the subject rather than cannibalistically consume him or her, however, the sentence should be revised as follows: â€Å"The writer will sit and eat with, and interview, the subject.† Better yet, for a smoother flow to the sentence, introduce a pronoun: â€Å"The writer will sit and eat with the subject and interview him [or her].† 2. â€Å"The committee consists of the executive directors of the Bay Area Toll Authority, California Transportation Commission, and California Department of Transportation.† Normally, items in a list can share an article (â€Å"the birds, bees, flowers, and trees†), or each can have its own (â€Å"the birds, the bees, the flowers, and the trees†), but when the list items are proper nouns, it’s best to assign an article to each one so that it doesn’t appear that the entities after the first one are erroneously referred to without an article: â€Å"The committee consists of the executive directors of the Bay Area Toll Authority, the California Transportation Commission, and the California Department of Transportation.† 3. â€Å"His contribution to the interior design of the home is his impressive antique musical instruments and modern art collection.† The statement implies that the collection consists of antique musical instruments and modern art, but technically, the reference should be to two distinct collections, described in the plural form and with each description preceded by its own plural pronoun: â€Å"His contributions to the interior design of the home are his impressive antique musical instruments and his modern art collection.† Alternatively, the sentence could be revised as follows, with the collections referred to as a single contribution or a pair of contributions: â€Å"His contribution(s) to the interior design of the home is (or are) his impressive collections of antique musical instruments and modern art.† 4. â€Å"The organization promotes sustainable landscaping practices, green building-construction methods and products, and minimizing pesticide use in the home.† The inconsistency of syntax here is that the first two items are modified with adjectives, while the third is described as an action. Change the verb in the final item to an adjective: â€Å"The organization promotes sustainable landscaping practices, green building-construction methods and products, and minimal pesticide use in the home.† Alternatively, introduce verbs into each of the other items: â€Å"The organization promotes employing sustainable landscaping practices, utilizing green building-construction methods and products, and minimizing pesticide use in the home.† 5. â€Å"Here come the summer movies- the usual formulaic action flicks, dumb comedies, and sequels.† This sentence is not wrong, but the rhythm is off because the first two items are preceded by adjectives but the final element is a bare noun. Introduce an adjective before that item for parallel structure: â€Å"Here come the summer movies- the usual formulaic action flicks, dumb comedies, and weak sequels.† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Style category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:30 Synonyms for â€Å"Meeting†One Fell SwoopApostrophe with Plural Possessive Nouns

Crisis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Crisis - Essay Example pying mechanism as the person undergoing such a phase is unable to perform normally and require intervention to reclaim the state of equilibrium (Kanel, 2011). Crisis intervention, based on psychiatrist medication, helps when people are at the state of crisis, need motivation for adapting the changes, deciphering higher than natural anxiety and need help. To be noted in this regards, psychotropic medication is generally termed as the process of prescribing drugs, which are used for treating and managing the challenging behavioral or psychiatric symptoms in individuals undergoing crisis. This medication process emphasizes specific classes like antidepressants and antipsychotics. It is in this context that such a process acts in the betterment of the patient’s health status. On the contrary, deinstitutionalization affects towards crisis intervention, as it often results in creating mental illness crisis with discharging individuals from the ‘Public Psychiatric Hospital’ before complete further rehabilitation and medication, which are necessary to grow their independent living capability in the community. In the real terms deinstitutionalization process is criticized owing to the fact that it fails to assist effective deliverance of medical assistance to individuals undergoing crisis and thus, acting against psychotropic medication (Kanel,

The Effects of Long Term Tumour Diagnosis and the Disease of Cancer Essay

The Effects of Long Term Tumour Diagnosis and the Disease of Cancer - Essay Example I've found that not only does this disease place a strain on the patient but on those managing the patients care as well, myself included. That is why it is imperative to have managing goals obvious in the treatment regimen so that there is always an avid awareness of what the next step of treatment is going to be. This is a positive reinforcement not only for the patient, but for my role as the assisting nurse as well, along with the other medical professionals caring for him or her. Through my years of experience I've learned that breast cancer is one of the leading causes of death for women who develop a form of this disease. The treatments are varied depending upon the individuals own diagnosis and symptoms. Furthermore, medical professionals, especially nurses like me can have a difficult time managing the care regimen of women with breast cancer simply due to the fact that many women's perceptions of their risks and management of the disease are highly varied (McDonald 2002, p.183). Also, being faced with a diagnosis such as breast cancer is scary and an individual develops high anxiety and many fears. This is where the medical staff such as nurses and other medical professionals should provide counselling and understanding to ensure that the management of the disease does not interfere with the patients' mental health, which can be very difficult to do (Aldridge-Clanton 1998, p. 109). I've ran into this problem innumerable amounts of time, especially in re gards to how they feel about their bodies and what they are afraid their life will be like following the treatment process. Many patients state that just deciding on what treatment to choose can promote fear and worry in their minds. Also physicians can complicate the problem if they don't manage the care effectively. Therefore there can not be instances such as conflicting opinions among physicians because it only complicates the treatment for the patient (Aldridge-Clanton 1998, p.110). Furthermore, another issue that can concrete upon the problems is the idea women have about breast cancer and being diagnosed with it. Much of this is due to the fact of the idea that women have of breast cancer, of it basically being a hereditary form of cancer and those who do not have a family history of it don't tend to feel screening and other routine testing is much of a necessity. Therefore, I've found that I need to provide affirmation to many of the patients that anyone is susceptible to developing breast cancer, even those without a hereditary history. Sometimes this can be hard to do in gaining my patients understanding. Therefore, many patients false assumptions can lead to a variety of problems as medical history can attest too. Although 20% of women can have a family history of breast cancer only 5% to 10% are actually caused by the hereditary gene. Therefore it is imperative for nurses (such as myself) and medical care providers to stress the importance of mandatory sc reening and check-up's for breast cancer among all age groups and ethnicities

Solution to the Media’s Effect on Women Essay Example for Free

Solution to the Media’s Effect on Women Essay Recently, the media has come under numerous criticisms due to the manner in which it has been objectifying the female gender. According to Britton, the media has taken advantage of women’s quest for beauty to enrich themselves. This is evident due to the media’s involvement in numerous product advertisements addressing the female gender in terms of beauty and body posture. These advertisements have lately been in plenty not only in televisions but also in billboards as well as the numerous social media platforms. In most of these advertisements, the media is ever stressing on one main factor, which is beauty. According to these advertisements, for a woman to be beautiful, in addition to being slender in posture, she also has to apply cosmetic products. Whereas the media is reaping heavily from these advertisements, little concern has been given to the women, who happen to be the main victims. This has negatively affected the female gender since most of them become discontented with their appearance. It is because of this discontent that most women start skipping meals in addition to spending thousands of dollars in cosmetic surgeries (â€Å"RCPSYCH†). The study looks forward to addressing some of the necessary measures that ought to be taken in a move to curb the media’s role in objectifying women. For instance, apart from the introduction of a new bill targeting the media, the essay also addresses the creation of awareness programs for women in addition to other factors such a s health education as well as changes in media advertisements. Introduction of a New Bill                     Although the Media’s objectification of women is high, men too are victims of these issues. In order to minimize the images being displayed by the media, the government also has a role to play. It is the responsibility of the US government to ensure that its citizens live responsively. It is the government’s responsibility to come up with solutions that address the issue of women objectification. For instance, , the government ought to come up with a new billnew laws. This bill, which can be called â€Å"The Media for Health Bodies Act needs to in a move to curb the manner in which the media is using false images to lure women and women into purchasing beauty product with the objective of acquiring the perfect body as portrayed by the Media. Presence of this billese laws will be beneficial since through it there will beit will result to a steady decline of women objectification by the media. Curbing the Media’s role in women obj ectification will minimize the rate at which women are spending their money on cosmetic products and surgeries. In 2013, women residing in the US spent 12 billion dollars on surgical as well as non-surgical procedures in a move to improve their appearance (ASAPS). Although this is a large amount to be spent on surgeries, it is likely to rise if the media is allowed to continue using false images in conducting promotions. In this bill, the government needs to come up with strict rules targeted to the media, especially in relation to the manner in which they display their advertisement images. According to studies, most of these images are computerized; hence, they are false (Webster). Although these images are of famous celebrities and models, most of them are computerized; hence, they are not real. According to Webster, it is because of these falsified images that women and men are spending a lot of money on cosmetic products and surgeries. This is because the media has made people believe that perfect bodies exist. In order to carry out its mandate effectively, the government needs to introduce a bill that will oversee a reduction on in the types of images being used in advertisements. Since most of these images are false, enactment of this bill will this bill ought to ensure that the media does not use falsified images while promoting products such as clothes, cosmetics and groceries. Apart from women, men too are also objectified by such images. For this to be achieved, the government needs to introduce strict penalties for any media that will be found using false images in conducting its advertisements. In this bill, the government needs to ask all Medias to ensure that all false images are labeled. By ensuring that all false images used by the media are labeled, the government will aid in reducing the rate of depression among women as well as menat which women are spending money on beauty products and surgeries. For instance, the government needs to infor m Medias that they risk losing their business licenses once found to be using unlabeled false images in product adverisements. Apart from the loss of business licenses, hefty fines will also be imposed on these Medias. Apart from coming up with a bill that will oversee a reducing tion in the image falsification, the bill also needs to introduce education programs aimed at creating awareness of false images in addition to the negative effects of excessive usage of cosmetic productsgovernment also needs to introduce laws that will minimize the high rate of cosmetic surgeries in the nation. This will only be achieved if the government increases the cost of beauty products as well as cosmetic surgeries. In addition to increasing the cost of surgeries, the government also needs to offer education on the negative effects of cosmetic surgeries. The bill ought to include education programs that can be can either be televised or be taught in seminars or learning institutions. Women ought to be made aware that some beauty products are toxic; hence, using them is risky for their health. Through education, women will also be informed of diseases such as Bulimia and Anorexia. Most women undergo these surgeries since they are not aware of the pending consequences. It is therefore evident that the number will drop drastically once they are educated on the effects of these products. Awareness Programs to the Female Gender                     In order to curb the high rate of women objectification by the media, women ought to review the manner in which they perceive these images. The numerous advertisements being displayed by the media tends to give women negative impressions concerning their physical appearance. In many advertisements, the media is ever displaying images of women that are slim with lots of makeup. This gives many women the impression that beauty is only achievable if one has a slim body and applies makeup (Goh-Mah). Women need to know that most of these models never exist since they are just computerized images intended to lure women into believing they can achieve the same beauty (Striegel-Moore Franko 186). Since age is rarely considered, awareness ought to incorporate not only adults but also children. This is because just like older women, little girls are also lured into believing that a ‘perfect body’ is the only way to beauty. According to studies, h alf of all girls aged 6-8 have at one time stated that they wish to be slim (Striegel-Moore Franko 183). This is because they too have been made to believe that beauty is achievable only if one attains the perfect body. Since the entire female gender has fallen victim, awareness ought to target the entire female gender. The awareness need to be conducted in different venues in a move to create awareness to many women. For instance, apart from places of work, awareness programs also ought to be introduced in other institutions such as schools and health centers frequently visited by women. These awareness programs need to be initiated by non-governmental organizations not only in the US but also globally. This is because the issue is gradually becoming catastrophic to the female gender not only in the US but also in other nations worldwide. In these programs, women ought to be made aware that there is nothing like a ‘perfect body’. Additionally, they need to be asked not to believe everything they see on media platforms. This is because most of the information is false and the media’s main objective is usually to objectify women in order to receive its monthly income. In order to make them comprehend this information, organizations ought to compare them with their male counterparts in relation to the manner in which they react to such media advertisements. According to Gianatasio, just like women, the media targets men as well when it comes to objectification of their body. However, the only difference between these two genders is that whereas men rarely take these advertisements seriously, the same cannot be said for the female gender. This is because women tend to take these advertisements seriously and this has resulted to a number of negative effects such as low self-esteem, depression in additio n to contraction of disorders such as anorexia as well as bulimia and nervosa (Holmstrom). In men objectification, Medias showcase images of men who are not only handsome but also masculine. In such advertisements, Medias tend to display the fact that men ought to be masculine in order to look attractive and win the hearts of many women. Unlike women, men rarely take such advertisements seriously since most are contented with their physical appearance. In these awareness programs, women ought to know that the main reason why they are the most affected is due to the fact that they are more conscious about their body appearance than any other object. Health education                     In addition to the awareness program, women also need to be educated about their body in addition to how these images are posing great risk to their health. Through efficient health education, women will be in a position to change the manner in which they view most of the media images. According to Holmstrom, women tend to adore media images so much to the extent they forget their own body. In most of these images, the media uses women that are slender with lots of makeup. Since these images are ever popping up in various media platforms, women have become addicted to them that they are willing to go to the extreme in a move to achieve the so-called ‘perfect body’. In a move to become slimmer, most women have opted to go on diet. This is whereby they are eating little food compared to what they are actually supposed to consume on a daily basis. Apart from consuming less food, women are also spending billions of dollars on cosmetic produc ts in addition to undergoing cosmetic surgeries to improve certain features on their bodies (Stewart). Although Medias are busy urging women to buy beauty products in addition to going on diet, little is being said about the consequences that are likely to surface. Since little is being done by the media in relation to finding a solution for women objectification, health organizations need to come up and educate women on some of the risks they are exposing themselves to when they opt to embrace media images. Through health organizations, women ought to know that apart from spending a lot of money on beauty products, influences by the media images are likely to cause other negative effects such as depression and low self-esteem. Additionally, due to these images, most women have developed anorexia and bulimia. According to studies, these are eating disorders whereby a person starts avoiding food due to the fear of increasing weight (â€Å"RCPSYCH†). These disorders tend to affect women more compared to men. Apart from the worry of weight gain in addition to consuming less food, other symptom associated with these disorders include the wearing of baggy clothes to conceal one’s body, irregular menstrual periods in addition to a regular feeling of guilt and tiredness (â€Å"RCPSYCH†). Health organizations need to provide this information to all women in a move to reduce the rate at which women are embracing the images they view on media platforms. Similarly, health organizations ought to come up with programs on the health effects that come alongside excessive use of cosmetics. According to studies, the cosmetic industry is one of rapidly expanding industry not only in the US but globally. This is because most women have been made to believe that it is only through cosmetic products that they can achieve the perfect body. Although the media has played a major role in terms of advertising these beauty products, little awareness is being said on the health effects of these products. Women need to know that although these products tend to improve one’s physical appearance, they also expose them to a number of health risks. According to studies, some of the ingredients used in the manufacture of beauty products are usually toxic (â€Å"American Cancer Society†). This has resulted to numerous cases of skin and eye irritations. Similarly, some of these products result to allergic reactions, which could easily cause neg ative outcomes for its users. Additionally, although there is still no solid evidence, there are also high probabilities that these products expose women to the risk of contracting skin cancer (â€Å"American Cancer Society†). Apart from cosmetic products, women are also being lured into undergoing cosmetic surgeries in a move to improve their physical appearances. According to research conducted in the US, the number of women undergoing cosmetic surgeries is ever rising on an annual basis (â€Å"ASAPS†). Health organizations need to educate women on the dangers they expose themselves to once they undergo cosmetic surgeries with the objective of acquiring the perfect body. According to Goudreau, tampering with the body balance normally causes new health problems. For instance, when one suctions fats from the lower abdomen, other fat cells are also damaged in the process. Hence, one is likely to spend to spend more funds in search of medication. Changes in Media Advertisements                     Most of the images used in promotion advertisements are usually false. In order to reduce the rate in which women are embracing these images, a number of aspects ought to be considered. For instance, the media needs to change tactic in the manner in which it makes product advertisements. The media needs to minimize the usage of celebrities and other famous models while making product advertisements. Instead, they can make use of animated advertisements. This is because whereas the use of celebrities makes women change the manner in which they view their bodies, the same cannot be said for animated advertisements and images. Since the main objective of media advertisements is usually to create awareness in addition to increasing the target market, animated advertisements can also relay the same information just like models. Apart from embracing animated advertisements, the media needs to be dynamic, that is, instead of choosing only models with a cert ain body posture, the media needs to be all-rounded. For a long time, the media has been using images of slender women; this has driven many women into believing that this is the perfect body. It is due to this perception that has driven many women into skipping meals in addition to spending a lot of money on cosmetic products and surgeries. Instead of using a single type of body posture, the media needs to use women of all sizes, race and color. When the media uses all types of women, this will improve the manner in which women perceive themselves. For instance, by using overweight ladies on images, this improve the manner in which over weight ladies perceive themselves, that is, instead of feeling depressed, they will begin loving adoring their bodies. This will be quite beneficial since it will reduce the high cases of low self-esteem and depression among women. Similarly, this will also result to a steady decline in eating disorders such as bulimia and anorexia. Counter Argument                     Although the media is being accused of being the major contributor of women objectification, it also needs to receive some credits due to the role of improving the nation’s economy through product advertisement as well as marketing. According to studies, it is evident that the cosmetic industry is one of the main contributors of the nation’s high economy. This would not have been made possible without media advertisements. It is through the media that product awareness is created, which is usually directly proportional to more sales, hence, profitability. In my opinion, enacting new laws targeting the media will end up doing more harm than good to the nation. For instance, there will be a reduction in product advertisements and this will result to a decline in the nation’s economy. Conclusion                     Recently, the media has been accused of lowering women’s self-esteem in addition to making them feel have numerous depressed. This hasion that have also resulted to disorders such as bulimia and anorexia. This is because it has been objectifying women by coming up with false images. The media has been using models that are slender, hence, making many women feel ugly. In a move to achieve the perfect body being used by the media, women have skipped meals in addition to going to the extent of undergoing cosmetic surgeries. In order to curb women objectification by the media, a number of factors need to be considered. For instance, organizations need to come up with awareness programs. These programs need to make it clear that there is nothing like a ‘perfect body’, this is because most of these images have been falsified with the aid of computers. Similarly, organizations need to introduce health programs. Through these programs, wo men need to be educated on the health risks associated with excessive usage of cosmetic products as well as the dangers of cosmetic surgeries. The government also needs to make sure that Medias do not use falsified images while conducting product promotions. For this to be achieved, the government needs to introduce new laws such as strict measures on Medias caught using falsified images. Finally, the media needs to change the manner in which they advertise products targeted for women. For instance, apart from using animated advertisements, they also need to incorporate all sizes of women in their advertisements. References American Cancer Society. Cosmetics. 2014. Web. 19 November 2014. http://www.cancer.org/cancer/cancercauses/othercarcinogens/athome/cosmetics ASAPS. News Releases. Web. 06 Nov. 2014. http://www.surgery.org/media/news-releases/the-american-society-for-aesthetic-plastic-surgery-reports-americans-spent-largest-amount-on-cosmetic-surger. Britton, Marie. â€Å"The Beauty Industrys Influence on Women in Society.† University of New Hampshire. 2012. Web. 19 November 2014. http://www.google.com/url?sa=trct=jq=esrc=ssource=webcd=23cad=rjauact=8ved=0CCsQFjACOBQurl=http%3A%2F%2Fscholars.unh.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1085%26context%3Dhonorsei=7GxrVMimJeOhyAOw2YHwBQusg=AFQjCNFSyiwFuLgAiCg_YlBJTnBZGN5imQsig2=7GsuFp9KHox47uEXq_s0OAbvm=bv.79908130,d.bGQ Gianatasio, David. â€Å"Hunkvertising: The Objectification of Men in Advertising some wish theyd just keep their assets covered.† ADWEEK. 2013. Web. 19 November 2014. http://www.adweek.com/news/advertising-branding/hunkvertising-objectification-men-advertising-152925 Goh-Mah, Joy. â€Å"The Objectification of Women It Goes Much Further Than Sexy Pictures.† The Huffington Post. 2013. Web. 19 November 2014. http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/joy-goh-mah/objectification-women-sexy-pictures_b_3403251.html Goudreau, Jenna. â€Å"The Hidden Dangers Of Cosmetic  Surgery.† Forbes. 2011. Web. 19 November 2014. http://www.forbes.com/sites/jennagoudreau/2011/06/16/hidden-dangers-of-cosmetic-surgery/ Holmstrom, Amanda. â€Å"The Effects of the Media on Body Image: A Meta-Analysis† Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media Volume 48 (2004): 1. RCPSYCH. Anorexia and Bulimia. 2014. Web. 19 November 2014. http://www.rcpsych.ac.uk/healthadvice/problemsdisorders/anorexiaandbulimia.aspx Stewart, Dodai. â€Å"Americans Spend Billions on Beauty Products But Are Not Very Happy.†Jezebel. 2012. Web. 19 November 2014. http://jezebel.com/5931654/americans-spend-billions-on-beauty-products-and-are-still-pretty-unhappy/ Striegel-Moore, R., Franko, D. Body Image Issues among Girls and Women. In T. F. Cash T. Pruzinsky (Eds.), Body Image: A handbook of theory, research, and clinical practice (p. 183-191). New York: Guilford Press. Webster, Dr Irina. Eating Disorders And Media. Selfgrowth. 19 June 2008. Web. 7 Nov. 2014. http://www.selfgrowth.com/articles/Eating_disorders_and_media.html Source document

Ida B. Wells Essay -- essays research papers

Ida B. Wells was a woman dedicated to a cause, a cause to prevent hundreds of thousands of people from being murdered by lynching. Lynching is defined as to take the law into its own hands and kill someone in punishment for a crime or a presumed crime. Ida B. Wells’ back round made her a logical spokesperson against lynching. She drew on many experiences throughout her life to aid in her crusade. Her position as a black woman, however, affected her credibility both in and out of America in a few different ways.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Her parents nurtured the background of this crusader to make her a great spokesperson. She also held positions throughout her life that allowed her to learn a lot about lynching. She was fueled by her natural drive to search for the truth. Wells was born into slavery in Holly Springs, Mississippi. Her father, James Wells, was a carpenter and her mother was a cook. After the Civil War her parents became politically active. Her father was known as “race'; man, a term given to African Americans involved in the leadership of the community. He was a local businessman, a mason, and a member of the Board of Trustees of Shaw University. Both parents provided Ida with strong role models. They worked hard and held places of respect in the community as forward-looking people. James and Elizabeth (mother) Wells instilled their daughter a keen sense of duty to God, family, and community. Ida’s background was strengthene...

Frostbite Chapter 23

Twenty-three THE WEATHER WARMED UP ON the day of my molnija ceremony. In fact, it was so warm that a lot of the snow on campus began melting, running down the sides of the Academy's stone buildings in slim, silvery streams. Winter was far from being over, so I knew everything would just freeze up again in a few days. For now, though, it felt as though the entire world was weeping. I had walked away from the Spokane incident with minor bruises and cuts. The burns from the melting flex-cuffs were the worst of my injuries. But I was still having a hard time dealing with the death I'd caused and the death I'd seen. I'd wanted little more than to go curl up in a ball somewhere and not talk to anyone, except maybe Lissa. But on my fourth day back at the Academy, my mother had found me and told me it was time to receive my marks. It had taken me several moments to grasp what she was talking about. Then it occurred to me that in decapitating two Strigoi, I'd earned two molnija tattoos. My first ones. The realization had stunned me. All my life, in considering my future career as a guardian, I'd looked forward to the marks. I'd seen them as badges of honor. But now? Mainly they were going to be reminders of something I wanted to forget. The ceremony took place in the guardians' building, in a large room they used for meetings and banquets. It was nothing at all like the great dining room at the resort. It was efficient and practical, like the guardians were. The carpet was a bluish gray shade, low and tightly woven. The bare white walls held framed black-and-white photos of St. Vladimir's through the years. There were no other decorations or fanfare, yet the solemnity and power of the moment were palpable. All the guardians on campus- but no novices- attended. They milled around in the building's main meeting room, hanging out in clusters but not talking. When the ceremony started, they fell into orderly ranks without being told and watched me. I sat on a stool in the corner of the room, leaning forward with my hair hanging over the front of my face. Behind me, a guardian named Lionel held a tattooist's needle to the back of my neck. I'd known him the whole time I'd been at the Academy, but I'd never realized he was trained to draw molnija marks. Before he started, he had a murmured conversation with my mother and Alberta. â€Å"She won't have a promise mark,† he said. â€Å"She hasn't graduated.† â€Å"It happens,† said Alberta. â€Å"She made the kills. Do the molnijas, and she'll get the promise mark later.† Considering the pain I regularly put myself through, I didn't expect the tattoos to hurt as much as they did. But I bit my lip and stayed silent as Lionel made the marks. The process seemed to go on forever. When he finished, he produced a couple of mirrors, and with some maneuvering, I was able to see the back of my neck. Two tiny black marks sat there, side by side, against my reddened and sensitive skin. Molnija meant â€Å"lightning† in Russian, and that's what the jagged shape was meant to symbolize. Two marks. One for Isaiah, one for Elena. Once I'd seen them, he bandaged them up and gave me some instructions about caring for them while they healed. Most of it I missed, but I figured I could ask again later. I was still kind of shocked by it all. After that, all the gathered guardians came up to me one by one. They each gave me some sort of sign of affection- a hug, a kiss on the cheek- and kind words. â€Å"Welcome to the ranks,† said Alberta, her weathered face gentle as she pulled me into a tight embrace. Dimitri didn't say anything when his turn came, but as always, his eyes spoke legions. Pride and tenderness filled his expression, and I swallowed back tears. He rested one hand gently on my cheek, nodded, and walked away. When Stan- the instructor I'd fought with the most since my first day- hugged me and said, â€Å"Now you're one of us. I always knew you'd be one of the best,† I thought I'd pass out. And then when my mother came up to me, I couldn't help the tear that ran down my cheek. She wiped it away and then brushed her fingers against the back of my neck. â€Å"Don't ever forget,† she told me. Nobody said, â€Å"Congratulations,† and I was glad. Death wasn't anything to get excited about. When that was done, drinks and food were served. I walked to the buffet table and made a plate for myself of miniature feta quiches and a slice of mango cheesecake. I ate without really tasting the food and answered questions from others without even knowing what I said half the time. It was like I was a Rose robot, going through the motions of what was expected. On the back of my neck, my skin stung from the tattoos, and in my mind, I kept seeing Mason's blue eyes and Isaiah's red ones. I felt guilty for not enjoying my big day more, but I was relieved when the group finally started dispersing. My mother walked up to me as others murmured their goodbyes. Aside from her words here at the ceremony, we hadn't talked much since my breakdown on the plane. I still felt a little funny about that- and a little embarrassed as well. She'd never mentioned it, but something very small had shifted in the nature of our relationship. We weren't anywhere near being friends†¦but we weren't exactly enemies anymore either. â€Å"Lord Szelsky is leaving soon,† she told me as we stood near the building's doorway, not far from where I'd yelled for her on that first day we'd talked. â€Å"I'll be going with him.† â€Å"I know,† I said. There was no question she'd leave. That was how it was. Guardians followed Moroi. They came first. She regarded me for a few moments, her brown eyes thoughtful. For the first time in a long time, I felt like we were actually looking eye to eye, as opposed to her looking down on me. It was about time, too, seeing as I had half a foot of height on her. â€Å"You did well,† she said at last. â€Å"Considering the circumstances.† It was only half a compliment, but I deserved no more. I understood now the mistakes and lapses of judgment that had led to the events at Isaiah's house. Some had been my fault; some hadn't. I wished I could have changed some of my actions, but I knew she was right. I'd done the best I could in the end with the mess before me. â€Å"Killing Strigoi wasn't as glamorous as I thought it'd be,† I told her. She gave me a sad smile. â€Å"No. It never is.† I thought then about all the marks on her neck, all the kills. I shuddered. â€Å"Oh, hey.† Eager to change the subject, I reached into my pocket and pulled out the little blue eye pendant she'd given me. â€Å"This thing you gave me. It's a n-nazari† I stumbled over the word. She looked surprised. â€Å"Yes. How'd you know?† I didn't want to explain my dreams with Adrian. â€Å"Someone told me. It's a protection thing, right?† A pensive look crossed her face, and then she exhaled and nodded. â€Å"Yes. It comes from an old superstition in the Middle East†¦Some people believe that those who want to hurt you can curse you or give you ‘the evil eye.' The nazar is meant to counteract the evil eye †¦ and just bring protection in general to those who wear it.† I ran my fingers over the piece of glass. â€Å"Middle East†¦so, places sort of like, um, Turkey?† My mother's lips quirked. â€Å"Places exactly like Turkey.† She hesitated. â€Å"It was †¦ a gift. A gift I received a long time ago †¦Ã¢â‚¬  Her gaze turned inward, lost in memory. â€Å"I got a lot of †¦ attention from men when I was your age. Attention that seemed flattering at first but wasn't in the end. It's hard to tell the difference sometimes, between what's real affection and what's someone wanting to take advantage of you. But when you feel the real thing†¦well, you'll know.† I understood then why she was so overprotective about my reputation- she'd endangered her own when she was younger. Maybe more than that had been damaged. I also knew why she'd given the nazar to me. My father had given it to her. I didn't think she wanted to talk anymore about it, so I didn't ask. It was enough to know that maybe, just maybe, their relationship hadn't been all about business and genes after all. We said goodbye, and I returned to my classes. Everyone knew where I'd been that morning, and my fellow novices wanted to see my molnija marks. I didn't blame them. If our roles had been reversed, I would have been harassing me too. â€Å"Come on, Rose,† begged Shane Reyes. We were walking out of our morning practice, and he kept swatting my ponytail. I made a mental note to wear my hair down tomorrow. Several others followed us and echoed his requests. â€Å"Yeah, come on. Let's see what you got for your swordsmanship!† Their eyes shone with eagerness and excitement. I was a hero, their classmate who'd dispatched the leaders of the roving band of Strigoi that had so terrorized us over the holidays. But I met the eyes of someone standing at the back of the group, someone who looked neither eager nor excited. Eddie. Meeting my gaze, he gave me a small, sad smile. He understood. â€Å"Sorry, guys,† I said, turning back to the others. â€Å"They have to stay bandaged. Doctor's orders.† This was met with grumbles that soon turned into questions about how I'd actually killed the Strigoi. Decapitation was one of the hardest and rarest ways to kill a vampire; it wasn't like carrying a sword was convenient. So I did my best to tell my friends what had happened, making sure to stick to the facts and not glorify the killings. The school day couldn't end a moment too soon, and Lissa walked with me back to my dorm. She and I hadn't had the chance to talk much since everything had gone down in Spokane. I'd undergone a lot of questioning, and then there'd been Mason's funeral. Lissa had also been caught up in her own distractions with the royals leaving campus, so she'd had no more free time than me. Being near her made me feel better. Even though I could be in her head at any time, it just wasn't the same as actually being physically around another living person who cared about you. When we got to the door of my room, I saw a bouquet of freesias sitting on the floor near it. Sighing, I picked up the fragrant flowers without even looking at the attached card. â€Å"What are those?† asked Lissa while I unlocked the door. â€Å"They're from Adrian,† I told her. We walked inside, and I pointed to my desk, where a few other bouquets sat. I put the freesias down beside them. â€Å"I'll be glad when he leaves campus. I don't think I can take much more of this.† She turned to me in surprise. â€Å"Oh. Um, you don't know.† I got that warning twinge through the bond that told me I wouldn't like what was about to come. â€Å"Know what?† â€Å"Uh, he isn't leaving. He's going to stay here for a while.† â€Å"He has to leave,† I argued. To my knowledge, the only reason he'd come back at all was because of Mason's funeral, and I still wasn't sure why he'd done that, since he barely knew Mason. Maybe Adrian had just done it for show. Or maybe to keep stalking Lissa and me. â€Å"He's in college. Or maybe reform school. I don't know, but he does something.† â€Å"He's taking the semester off.† I stared. Smiling at my shock, she nodded. â€Å"He's going to stay and work with me†¦ and Ms. Carmack. All this time, he never even knew what spirit was. He just knew he hadn't specialized but that he had these weird abilities. He just kept them to himself, except for when he occasionally found another spirit user. But they didn't know any more than he did.† â€Å"I should have figured it out sooner,† I mused. â€Å"There was something about being around him. †¦ I always wanted to talk to him, you know? He just has this †¦ charisma. Like you do. I guess it's all tied into spirit and compulsion or whatever. It makes me like him †¦ even though I don't like him.† â€Å"Don't you?† she teased. â€Å"No,† I replied adamantly. â€Å"And I don't like that dream thing, either.† Her jade eyes went wide with wonder. â€Å"That is cool,† she said. â€Å"You've always been able to tell what's going on with me, but I've never been able to communicate with you the other way. I'm glad you guys got away when you did†¦but I wish I could have figured out the dream thing and helped find you.† â€Å"Not me,† I said. â€Å"I'm glad Adrian didn't get you to go off your meds.† I hadn't found that out until a few days after being in Spokane. Lissa had apparently rejected Adrian's initial suggestion that stopping the pills would let her learn more about spirit. She had admitted to me later, however, that if Christian and I had stayed missing much longer, she might have cracked. â€Å"How are you feeling lately?† I asked, recalling her concerns about the medication. â€Å"You still feel like the pills aren't working?† â€Å"Mmm†¦well, it's hard to explain. I still feel closer to the magic, like maybe they aren't blocking me so much anymore. But I'm not feeling any of the other mental side effects†¦not upset or anything.† â€Å"Wow, that's great.† A beautiful smile lit her face. â€Å"I know. It makes me think there might be hope for me to learn to work the magic after all someday.† Seeing her so happy made me smile back. I hadn't liked seeing those dark feelings starting to return and was glad they'd vanished. I didn't understand the how or the why, but as long as she felt okay- Everyone has light around them, except for you. You have shadows. You take them from Lissa. Adrian's words slammed into my mind. Uneasily, I thought about my behavior these last couple of weeks. Some of the angry outbursts. My rebelliousness- unusual even for me. My own black coil of emotion, stirring in my chest†¦ No, I decided. There were no similarities. Lissa's dark feelings were magic-based. Mine were stress-based. Besides, I felt fine right now. Seeing her watching me, I tried to remember where we'd left off in the conversation. â€Å"Maybe you'll eventually find a way to make it work. I mean, if Adrian could find a way to use spirit and doesn't need meds †¦Ã¢â‚¬  She suddenly laughed. â€Å"You don't know, do you?† â€Å"What?† â€Å"That Adrian does medicate himself.† â€Å"He does? But he said- † I groaned. â€Å"Of course he does. The cigarettes. The drinking. God only knows what else.† She nodded. â€Å"Yup. He's almost always got something in his system.† â€Å"But probably not at night†¦which is why he can poke his head into my dreams.† â€Å"Man, I wish I could do that,† she sighed. â€Å"Maybe you'll learn someday. Just don't become an alcoholic in the process.† â€Å"I won't,† she assured me. â€Å"But I will learn. None of the other spirit users could do it, Rose- well, aside from St. Vladimir. I'll learn like he did. I'm going to learn to use it- and I won't let it hurt me.† I smiled and touched her hand. I had absolute faith in her. â€Å"I know.† We talked for most of the evening. When the time came for my usual practice with Dimitri, I parted ways with her. As I walked away, I pondered something that had been bothering me. Although the attacking groups of Strigoi had had many more members, the guardians felt confident Isaiah had been their leader. That didn't mean there wouldn't be other threats in the future, but they felt it'd be a while before his followers regrouped. But I couldn't help thinking about the list I'd seen in the tunnel in Spokane, the one that had listed royal families by size. And Isaiah had mentioned the Dragomirs by name. He knew they were almost gone, and he'd sounded keen on being the one to finish them. Sure, he was dead now†¦but were there other Strigoi out there with the same idea? I shook my head. I couldn't worry about that. Not today. I still needed to recover from everything else. Soon, though. Soon I'd have to deal with this. I didn't even know if our practice was still on but went to the locker room anyway. After changing into practice clothes, I headed down into the gym and found Dimitri in a supply room, reading one of the Western novels he loved. He looked up at my entrance. I'd seen little of him in these last few days and had figured he was busy with Tasha. â€Å"I thought you might come by,† he said, putting a bookmark between the pages. â€Å"It's time for practice.† He shook his head. â€Å"No. No practice today. You still need to recover.† â€Å"I've got a clean bill of health. I'm good to go.† I pushed as much patented Rose Hathaway bravado into my words as I could. Dimitri wasn't falling for any of it. He gestured to the chair beside him. â€Å"Sit down, Rose.† I hesitated only a moment before complying. He moved his own chair close to mine so that we sat directly across from each other. My heart fluttered as I looked into those gorgeous dark eyes. â€Å"No one gets over their first kill†¦kills†¦easily. Even with Strigoi†¦well, it's still technically taking a life. That's hard to come to terms with. And after everything else you went through †¦Ã¢â‚¬  He sighed, then reached out and caught my hand in his. His fingers were exactly like I remembered, long and powerful, calloused with years of training. â€Å"When I saw your face†¦when we found you in that house†¦you can't imagine how I felt.† I swallowed. â€Å"How †¦ how did you feel?† â€Å"Devastated †¦ grief-stricken. You were alive, but the way you looked †¦ I didn't think you'd ever recover. And it tore me apart to think of that happening to you so young.† He squeezed my hand. â€Å"You will recover- I know that now, and I'm glad. But you aren't there. Not yet. Losing someone you care about is never easy.† My eyes dropped from his and studied the floor. â€Å"It's my fault,† I said in a small voice. â€Å"Hmm?† â€Å"Mason. Getting killed.† I didn't have to see Dimitri's face to know compassion was filling it. â€Å"Oh, Roza. No. You made some bad decisions†¦you should have told others when you knew he was gone†¦but you can't blame yourself. You didn't kill him.† Tears brimmed in my eyes as I looked back up. â€Å"I might as well have. The whole reason he went there- it was my fault. We had a fight†¦and I told him about the Spokane thing, even though you asked me not to†¦.† One tear leaked out of the corner of my eye. Really, I needed to learn to stop that. Just as my mother had, Dimitri delicately wiped the tear off my cheek. â€Å"You can't blame yourself for that,† he told me. â€Å"You can regret your decisions and wish you'd done things differently, but in the end, Mason made his decisions too. That was what he chose to do. It was his decision in the end, no matter your original role.† When Mason had come back for me, I realized, he'd let his feelings for me get in the way. It was what Dimitri had always feared, that if he and I had any sort of relationship, it would put us- and any Moroi we protected- in danger. â€Å"I just wish I'd been able to †¦ I don't know, do anything†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Swallowing back further tears, I pulled my hands from Dimitri's and stood up before I could say something stupid. â€Å"I should go,† I said thickly. â€Å"Let me know when you want to start practice again. And thanks for †¦ talking.† I started to turn; then I heard him say abruptly, â€Å"No.† I glanced back. â€Å"What?† He held my gaze, and something warm and wonderful and powerful shot between us. â€Å"No,† he repeated. â€Å"I told her no. Tasha.† â€Å"I †¦Ã¢â‚¬  I shut my mouth before my jaw hit the floor. â€Å"But†¦why? That was a once-in-a-lifetime thing. You could have had a baby. And she †¦ she was, you know, into you†¦.† The ghost of a smile flickered on his face. â€Å"Yes, she was. Is. And that's why I had to say no. I couldn't return that†¦couldn't give her what she wanted. Not when†¦Ã¢â‚¬  He took a few steps toward me. â€Å"Not when my heart is somewhere else.† I almost started crying again. â€Å"But you seemed so into her. And you kept going on about how young I acted.† â€Å"You act young,† he said, â€Å"because you are young. But you know things, Roza. Things people older than you don't even know. That day †¦Ã¢â‚¬  I knew instantly which day he referred to. The one up against the wall. â€Å"You were right, about how I fight to stay in control. No one else has ever figured that out- and it scared me. You scare me.† â€Å"Why? Don't you want anyone to know?† He shrugged. â€Å"Whether they know that fact or not doesn't matter. What matters is that someone- that you- know me that well. When a person can see into your soul, it's hard. It forces you to be open. Vulnerable. It's much easier being with someone who's just more of a casual friend.† â€Å"Like Tasha.† â€Å"Tasha Ozera is an amazing woman. She's beautiful and she's brave. But she doesn't- â€Å" â€Å"She doesn't get you,† I finished. He nodded. â€Å"I knew that. But I still wanted the relationship. I knew it would be easy and that she could take me away from you. I thought she could make me forget you.† I'd thought the same thing about Mason. â€Å"But she couldn't.† â€Å"Yes. And, so †¦ that's a problem.† â€Å"Because it's wrong for us to be together.† â€Å"Yes.† â€Å"Because of the age difference.† â€Å"Yes.† â€Å"But more importantly because we're going to be Lissa's guardians and need to focus on her- not each other.† â€Å"Yes.† I thought about this for a moment and then looked straight into his eyes. â€Å"Well,† I said at last, â€Å"the way I see it, we aren't Lissa's guardians yet.† I steeled myself for the next response. I knew it was going to be one of the Zen life lessons. Something about inner strength and perseverance, about how the choices we made today were templates for the future or some other nonsense. Instead he kissed me. Time stopped as he reached out and cupped my face between his hands. He brought his mouth down and brushed it against my lips. It was barely a kiss at first but soon increased, becoming heady and deep. When he finally pulled away, it was to kiss my forehead. He left his lips there for several seconds as his arms held me close. I wished the kiss could have gone on forever. Breaking the embrace, he ran a few fingers through my hair and down my cheek. He stepped back toward the door. â€Å"I'll see you later, Roza.† â€Å"At our next practice?† I asked. â€Å"We are starting those up again, right? I mean, you still have things to teach me.† Standing in the doorway, he looked over at me and smiled. â€Å"Yes. Lots of things.†

Drugs Addiction

Al Akhawayn University Center for Academic Development Information Literacy Skills 1212 Fall 2010 The causes of drugs addiction Prepared by: ABDELAZIZ Under the supervision of: Dr. AHMED KABEL The causes of drugs addiction: AddictionNowadays, drugs addiction is considered as one of the most widespread phenomena in our modern societies. Everyone in this modern world has become aware of the dangerous consequences of being drug addicted, yet opium, cocaine, marijuana, cannabis, and many other kinds of drugs have been used for centuries and are still widely used today by a large proportion of people from different age, sex, and economic status. But, before looking at the factors that push people to take drugs, let us first define drug addiction.According to Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research (MFMER), â€Å"Drug addiction is a dependence on a street drug or a medication. When you're addicted, you may not be able to control your drug use and you may continue using the drug despite the harm it causes. Drug addiction can cause an intense craving for the drug. You may want to quit, but most people find they can't do it on their own. † In fact, people often underestimate the complexity of drugs addiction and the fact that it has become a contemporary illness that is similar to other chronic diseases such as diabetes, asthma, or heart disease.Moreover, many people used to think that people addicted to drugs were just morally weak; hence, they believe that drug abusers are able to stop â€Å"this habit† if they are only willing to do so. However, recent scientific advances have allowed us to know much more about how exactly addictive drugs impact and change the brain, and how stopping drug abuse is very complex and not only a matter of willpower. But, the real problem is that many people still do not have a clear idea about the causes behind addiction.For most of them, according to Hamid Ghodse, â€Å"the cause or causes of drug dependence ar e not known, or more specifically, it is not known why do some people become addicted while others in the same situation do not† (10). The causes of drugs addiction are numerous and very attached with each other, but the most important factors that interact to lead to this phenomenon are: person’s biology, social environment, and age or stage of development.It is, obviously, very important to determine whether genetic factors play a significant role in the process of addiction or not at all. Actually, finding genes which predispose to drugs addiction may undoubtedly be very helpful since it will â€Å"aid in the identification of the biological processes involved in the addiction condition and ultimately allow the development of treatments to counteract the abnormal end-point of the processes† (Paul R. Buckland, 1769).Therefore, countless researches, studies, and genetic approaches have been ongoing for many years in order to find any association or linkage betwe en genetic factors and drugs addiction. As a matter of fact, many of these researches could come up with great results and very useful conclusions. For instance, Hamid Ghodse stated in his book â€Å"Drugs and Addictive Behaviour: A Guide to treatment† that â€Å"the discovery within the body of endogenous receptor systems for a number of psychoactive substances has revived interest in a link between drug dependency and genetic predisposition† (19).In addition, according to the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), â€Å"genes that people are born with, in combination with environmental influences, account for about half of their addiction vulnerability. † In the same context and quoting from experts, Abramovitz, Melissa wrote in her article titled â€Å"Addiction† that â€Å"genetic factors that affect how the brain responds to drugs play a big part in pushing people toward drug addiction, and researches have found several genes linked to nicotine, c ocaine, and alcohol addiction. Also, Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research (MFMER) reported that â€Å"once a person has started using a drug, the development into addiction may be influenced by inherited traits. † Therefore, most of researchers confirm the idea that genetic factors play a crucial rule in the process of addiction. However, Paul R. Buckland came up with so many important results, which are in fact a little bit different from the ones stated above, by reviewing and evaluating almost all the studies and evidence that claim the existence of genetic factors in the process of addiction.So, he found that â€Å"the phenotype for addiction to drugs is not well defined, and the heritability of addiction to drugs of abuse is far from clear and may be small compared to that of many other complex disorders† (1773). Moreover, he concluded saying that â€Å"many candidate genes put forward so far as susceptibility genes may be unrelated to the underlyin g process referred to as addiction but, rather, are related to the propensity to take drugs in the first place† (1769, 1770). But, that does not mean that there is no association between genetic factors and addiction process.In fact, Paul R. Buckland himself has confirmed that there are some genetic studies that have reported a great number of success and could ultimately find some linkage between genes and addiction, but he ended highlighting â€Å"the need for even larger samples and new statistical methods or new experimental approaches to identify fully the genes involved in the disease process† (1771, 1772). Of course, genetic factors are not the only cause behind drug addiction; no one can become addicted to drugs if s/he has never started using drugs.Accordingly, there may be other factors that affect the predisposition to drugs abuse. Actually, a person’s environment includes many different influences that seem to play a significant role in initial drug u se. At the first glance, it may spring to many people’s minds that local social problems such as poverty, ignorance, unemployment, break-up of local communities, drug pushers are the main causes of drugs addiction, but according to Hamid Ghodse â€Å"these often-repeated phrases may well be contributory factors,†¦but they are not the causes of drug dependence† (11).On the other hand, the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) and the Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research (MFMER) both consider environmental factors, including one’s family’s beliefs and attitudes, exposure to a peer group that encourages drug use, the socioeconomic status and quality of life in general, as the most important influencers that shape addictive behaviour.In fact, Hamid Ghodse, also, illustrates these factors clearly by showing us how â€Å"peer networks can provide opportunities for drug use and support this behaviour† (16) and how â€Å"the importanc e of peer networks reflect the support or lack of support that the child is receiving at home and the importance of the parent-child relationship as a protective factor against the use of drugs† (16).Therefore, he gives us some situations in which family may play a significant role in the initiation of drug abuse: Factors such as family disruption, criminality and drug abuse of parents and siblings have all been identified as important predisposing factors for drug abuse later on, as have inadequate or ineffective parental supervision and enforcement of rules†¦while satisfactory family relationships and climate, and emotional support to adolescents are influences that appear to delay or diminish initiation into drug use, they can only be developed over a long period of time and attempts to make up for their absence by measures such as a sharp increase in parental control of the adolescent’s behaviour may lead to increased rather than diminished drug abuse (16). In addition to genetic and environmental factors, the age or the stage at which a person starts consuming drugs may have a considerable impact on the process of becoming drugs addicted. According to the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), â€Å"Although taking drugs at any age can lead to addiction, the earlier that drug use begins, the more likely it is to progress to more serious abuse. For instance, one study concerning alcohol addiction which is almost the same as the case of drug addiction showed that â€Å"teens who begin drinking alcohol with their friends before age 15 are four times likelier to become alcoholic than are people who wait until age 21 to drink† (National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), quoted in Abramovitz, Melissa). In the same context, Hamid Ghodse said that â€Å"adolescent drug abuse is of particular importance not only because of the potential for drug-induced harm in a young person but also because taking drugs in childhood and adolescence is a strong predictor for drug abuse in adulthood† (17). Moreover, observations as such, he said, â€Å"have led to theories that suggest that using one drug leads on the consumption of more dangerous drugs with a higher dependence liability† (17).Besides, one other reason that we may discover when seeking causes that are related to the stage of initiating using drugs is prescriptions. According to Hamid Ghodse, most of drug-dependent individuals have personality disorders such as low self-esteem and confidence, high anxiety, low assertiveness, and tendency towards hypochondria, so they begin to take some sedatives and tranquillizers or even drugs as self-medication or as treatment prescribed by a doctor to overcome these problems (15, 17). The problem is that many people become addicted to these treatments by continuing using them as Jeffrey Kluger shows in his article The New Drug Crisis: Addiction by Prescription.According to Kluger many people become addicted to some p rescriptions such as Opioid, Oxycontin, Vicodin, and Hydrocodone while trying to find a treatment to some diseases like cancer pain. In conclusion, it is true that taking drugs for the first time may be a voluntary decision, but factors such us person’s biology, social environment, and age or stage of development undoubtedly play a considerable role in the process of addiction. Genetic factors that affect how the brain responds to drugs and environmental factors, including family’s beliefs and attitudes, peers’ ethics and behaviour, and socioeconomic status, in addition to the culture and the age or the stage at which a person starts using drugs all contribute in shaping addictive behaviour.The problem with drugs is that once a person starts consuming them, s/he may not be able to give up abusing them; hence, we should all be aware that drugs addiction is not just a normal habit that we can stop whenever we want, but rather a complex illness and a serious diseas e that makes the consumer lose self-control and ability to make right decisions. In fact, drugs addiction is a contemporary chronic disease that can cause harmful long-term consequences not only on the user but also on those around him, but as a matter of fact we can prevent ourselves from all these troubles by just avoiding initiating its causes. Works Cited Abramovitz, Melissa. â€Å"Addiction. † Current Health 2; Sep 1999: 26. Print. Buckland, Paul R. â€Å"Will We Ever Find the Genes for Addiction? Addiction, volume 103 number 11, November 2008, pp 1768-1776. Jeffrey, Kluger. â€Å"The New Drug Crisis: Addiction by Prescription†. Time September 13, 2010: p46-49. Print. Ghodse, Hamid. â€Å"Drugs and Addictive Behaviour: A Guide to Treatment. † London: University of Cambridge Press. 2002. Print. Mayo Clinic staff. Drug Addiction, MayoClinic. com, Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research, 2009, web. November 2010. (http://www. mayoclinic. com/ healt h/ drug-addiction/DS00183). National Institute on Drug Abuse, Drug Abuse and Addiction, MedicineNet. com, MedicineNet. Inc, 2010, Web. 21 November 2010. (http://www. medicinenet. com/ drug_abuse/article. htm).